TOPIC 6- Immunity and Host Defense

innate immune response

adaptive immune response

needs exposure to pathogens first before immunity is built

leukocytes

white blood cells involved in both innate and adaptive immune response

granulocytes

a type of white blood cell in which its granules are filled with reactive chemicals that can kill microbes and signal other components of immunity. examples include:

• basophils and mast cells

• eosinophils

• neutrophiles

basophils and mast cells

a type of granulocyte that is:

• not strongly phagocytotic

• involved in allergic reactions because they release histamines

eosinophiles

a type of granulocyte that:

• non-phagocytotis

• attack large parasites by attempting to eat them

neutrophiles

type of granulocytes that:

• strongly phagocytotic bcuz the granules contain digestive enzymes

• they die after phagocytosis

monocyte

type of white blood cell that differentiates into either macrophages or dendritic cells

macrophage

a type of monocyte:

• have specific surface receptors that recognized pathogen

• detects elements specific to prokaryotes

  • LPS, peptidoglycan, fungal cell wall

• strongly phagocytotic

dendritic cell

a type of monocyte that:

lymphocyte

natural killer cell

type of lymphocyte:

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

____ may include things like lipopolysaccharides, lipoteichoic acids, flagellin, peptidoglycan etc.

• things specific to bacteria, not our own cells

pattern recognition receptor

acceptors on the surface of phagocytic cells that allows them to recognize pathogenic microbes

defensins

steps for phagocytosis

humoral immunity

branch of adaptive immunity that is antibody mediated

cellular immunity

branch of adaptive immune systems byt it is cell mediated

antibody

protein made by the immune system that can bind, and inactivate foreign antigens

• sometimes called immunoglobulin

IgG

Monomer

-most common -circulates through blood -most important for fighting pathogens

-most common -circulates through blood

IgM

Pentamer -made of 5 antibodies

agglutination- the process of sticking multiple identical pathogens together

first antibody made when a new antigen is encountered -loves blood

IgA

Dimer

-protects mucosal surfaces -protects against reproductive and digestive tract infections

Secreted into saliva, tears, and mucous

IgD

Monomer

-b cell activator

Found on the surface of B cells

IgE

Monomer

-causes mast cells and basophiles to release granules of histamine

Extra bit on the ends helps them stick better on parasites

major function of antibodies

neutralization, opsonization, agglutination, antibody mediated cytotoxicity and complement activation

neutralization

opsonization

agglutination

function of antibody in which it they stick multiple identical pathogens together

antibody mediated cytotoxicity

IgE helping eosinophils to eat parasites

• Fc attaches to the eosinophils

complement

b cells

adaptive immunity cells that produce antibodies

• involved in humoral immune responsw

t-cytotoxic cells

t-helper cells

antigen presenting cells

• macrophages, dendritic cells and b cells

• they eat foreign material and presents its antigens on their surface after phagocytosis

MHC I

MHC II

humoral response

• b cell receptor (IgD) attaches to the pathogen

• B cell eats the pathogen

• B cell presents the pathogen’s antigen on its MHC II

• T helper cells bind to the MHC II of the B cell

• if the antigen matches with the T-cell’s receptor, then the T helper cell will secrete cytokines to activate the B cell into releasing antibodies

plasma cells

short lived B cell that makes a LOT of antibody

• makes IgA to prevent pathogens from entering the body

memory B cells

long lived B cell that targets a specific pathogen

t-cytotoxic cells

t-helper cells

perforins

contained in the granules of effector Tc cells

• they poke holes in the infected cell’'s membranes so they die

granzymes

enzyme from the granules of infector Tc cells that promote apoptosis (cell death)

primary response

live attenuated vaccine

whole agent inactivated vaccine

subunit vaccine

toxiod vaccine