PSYC 503 Drug Addiction

The following are what factors of drug addiction?

-Tendency towards nonconformity.

-Poor school attendance.

-Poor relationships with parent(s).

-Deviant behavior.

-Peer influence

Risk factors

The following are what factors of drug addiction?

-Intact and positive home life.

-Positive educational experience.

-High reading and math achievement levels.

-Peers that are socially conforming.

-Positive attitudes and beliefs.

-High self-esteem.

Protective factors

What theory of drug addiction is being described?

-Addicts do not have control over their drug use, therefore they are "sick."

-Drug abuse is not normal, while drug use is normal.

-Some people become addicted while others don't.

Disease

What theory of drug addiction is being described?

-Addicts continue taking drugs to avoid unpleasant withdrawal effects (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, opiates, barbiturates) that occur due to physical dependence.

-Explains some aspects of people's addiction, but does not explain everything.

Physical dependence

What theory of drug addiction is being described?

-People take drugs for their reinforcing effects.

Positive reinforcement

What theory of drug addiction is being described?

-Drugs create neural adaptations in brain regions responsible for reward, and these regions become sensitive to drugs.

-These regions are responsible for wanting, but not liking, the drug.

Incentive-sensitization

What theory of drug addiction is being described?

-Some people have lower-than-normal dopamine levels and do not get pleasure from "everyday" activities that others do.

-The only way to get pleasure is through drugs.

Anhedonia

What theory of drug addiction's limits are being described?

-No mechanism has been found (we do not know what causes addiction).

-How can a disease make people take drugs?

Disease

What theory of drug addiction's limits are being described?

-Heroin and other drugs can cause addiction without physical dependence.

-The discontinuation of cocaine, marijuana, and hallucinogens do not cause withdrawal.

-Relapse can occur long after physical dependence has gone away.

Physical dependence

What theory of drug addiction's limits are being described?

-Circular reasoning ("Drugs are reinforcing because people take them, and people take drugs because they are reinforcing.")

-Does not explain the first-time use of a drug.

-Drugs can be aversive, but this is delayed.

-Pleasure derived from the drug increases over time while drug-taking (craving) increases.

-People will work for low doses of cocaine or heroin that do not produce subjective effects.

Positive reinforcement

What theory of drug addiction's limits are being described?

-How can we differentiate between wanting and liking in animals?

Incentive-sensitization

The following symptoms correspond to what disorder in the DSM?

-Tolerance.

-Withdrawal.

-Unintentional overuse.

-Desire to control drug use.

-Reduction of important social, occupational, or recreational activities.

-Continued use despite knowledge of a problem.

-Craving or urges to use.

-Recurrent use resulting in a failure to fulfill major obligations at work, school, or home.

-Drug use in physically hazardous situations.

-Continued use despite the knowledge of persistent social, occupational, psychological, or physical problems.

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

Out of the 11 symptoms for substance-related and addictive disorders, how many are required for there to be a mild addiction?

2-3

Out of the 11 symptoms for substance-related and addictive disorders, how many are required for there to be a moderate addiction?

4-5

Out of the 11 symptoms for substance-related and addictive disorders, how many are required for there to be a severe addiction?

6+

What biopsychosocial model of addiction factors are being described?

-Abnormal neurotransmitter functioning.

-There is no specific addiction gene that has been found.

Biological

What biopsychosocial model of addiction factors are being described?

-Expectancies.

-Sensitivity to environmental drug cues.

-Poor self-esteem.

-Peer influences.

-Social factors.

-Dysfunctional family.

-Community-based expectations.

Psychological

What approach for addiction is being described?

-Involvement of the family in therapy.

-The addict needs support.

-Family members may have some role in the continuing addiction (i.e., enabling).

Family systems treatment

What type of treatment is being described?

-Less than 20% of inmates receive drug treatment.

-California and Arizona mandate that nonviolent drug offenders receive probation with treatment instead of jail for their first 2 offenses.

Incarceration

What type of treatment is being described?

-Medically managed withdrawal from physical dependence.

Detoxification

What type of treatment is being described?

-12-step program.

-Little research has been conducted on its effectiveness.

-Usually consists of group meetings.

Self-help

What type of treatment is being described?

-Typically inpatient, highly structured group therapy.

-Counselors are often ex-addicts.

Therapeutic community

What type of treatment is being described?

-Used for opiate addiction only.

-Highly controlled, thus difficult for some to obtain.

Methadone maintenance

What type of treatment is being described?

-Individual therapy involves homework and changing of irrational thinking.

-Secular, and involves a clinical psychologist.

Rational recovery

One criterion for substance abuse that differs from substance dependence is...

a. Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous.

b. Presence of tolerance to the substance.

c. Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down on substance use.

d. Taking the substance in larger amounts or over a longer period than intended.

a. Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous.

Because of early theories equating addiction with _____, ______ was NOT thought to be an addictive substance.

a. Euphoria; cocaine.

b. Physical dependence; cocaine.

c. Physical dependence; morphine.

d. Euphoria; alcohol.

b. Physical dependence; cocaine.

The two general substance-related disorders, according to the DSM IV, are called _____ and _____.

a. Substance dependence; substance abuse.

b. Drug addiction; substance abuse.

c. Drug addiction; relapse.

d. Physical dependence; substance abuse.

a. Substance dependence; substance abuse.

In the physical dependence model of addiction, the basic driving force behind relapse is a(n)...

a. Conditioned response.

b. Unconditioned response.

c. Desire to reduce withdrawal symptoms.

d. Desire to experience drug-induced euphoria.

c. Desire to reduce withdrawal symptoms.

The physical dependence model of addiction CANNOT...

a. Explain early drug use that leads to dependence, only drug use that occurs after dependence has occurred.

b. Readily explain addiction to drugs that do not induce strong physical dependence.

c. Readily explain relapse to drug use that occurs after drug detoxification.

d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

In the positive reinforcement model of addiction, the basic driving force behind relapse is...

a. The desire to re-experience drug-induced euphoria.

b. The desire to eliminate withdrawal symptoms.

c. A conditioned withdrawal response.

d. The desire for intoxication.

a. The desire to re-experience drug-induced euphoria.

One problem with the positive reinforcement model of addiction is...

a. Its failure to explain why some individuals get "hooked" on the reinforcing properties of drugs but others don't.

b. That it only applies to drugs that have powerful reinforcing properties like cocaine and heroin.

c. That addicts greatly value the drug high.

d. That it cannot be tested with animal models because they won't self-administer drugs that humans will.

a. Its failure to explain why some individuals get "hooked" on the reinforcing properties of drugs but others don't.

The incentive-sensitization model of addiction distinguishes between _____ and _____.

a. Drug seeking; drug taking.

b. Drug liking; drug wanting.

c. Drug liking; drug taking.

d. Craving; drug seeking.

b. Drug liking; drug wanting.

According to the incentive-sensitization model of addiction, the _____ of drug-associated stimuli increases with repeated drug administration while actual _____ of the drug does not.

a. Liking; taking.

b. Liking; effect.

c. Incentive salience; taking.

d. Incentive salience; liking.

d. Incentive salience; liking.

A comprehensive model of drug addiction could be considered a _____ model.

a. Disease.

b. Medical.

c. Biopsychosocial.

d. Moral.

c. Biopsychosocial.

According to the self-medication hypothesis, individuals suffering from anxiety should prefer _____, and those suffering from depression should prefer _____.

a. Cocaine; alcohol.

b. Cocaine; heroin.

c. Alcohol; cocaine.

d. Alcohol; heroin.

c. Alcohol; cocaine.