What is Health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
What is health psychology
a holistic approach where the mind and body interact. It looks at how we perceive health and how we can improve it and/or change the societal standard. HP also focuses on prevention and understanding
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What is Health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
What is health psychology
a holistic approach where the mind and body interact. It looks at how we perceive health and how we can improve it and/or change the societal standard. HP also focuses on prevention and understanding
What is the focus of health psychology
4 main focuses - The biopyschosocial mode, health as a continuum, the direct and indirect pathways between psychology and health, variability.
The biopsychosocial model
includes an interelation between bio (genetics,viruses,bacteria), psycho (behaviour,expectations of health, emotions, beliefs) and social (social norms, peer pressure, social class, ethnicity, and social values around health)
What is Health as a Continuum?
Health as a continuum refers to the idea that health exists on a spectrum, ranging from illness to wellness. This concept emphasizes that individuals can move along this continuum based on various factors influencing their physical and mental well-being.
What is the relationship between psychology and health?
psychology has a direct impact ob health by how they experience life directly impacts their health status. It also indirectly affects health reflected by behaviour and how behaviour impacts health.
Variability
Everyone’s health vary’s everyone behaviour vary’s.
What is the biomedical model?
a model that shows the mind and body are not connected and are independent from eachother. You are seen as either healthy or ill (there is no inbetween). This model treats illness with vaccinaion, surgery, chemo. All treatments only focus on physcial wellbeing.
What is Cartesian dualism?
the idea that the mind is separate from the body and humans are separate from nature. Nature is mechanistic and lifeless. It devalues indigenous knowledge systems. It is viewed as very Eurocentric and problematic.
What is Purakau?
Purakau refers to traditional narratives or stories that convey cultural values and teachings, often passed down through generations in Māori culture. They have theraputic benefits and promote holistic wellbeing
What is Whakapapa
genealogy. It helps us to understand the interconnectedness of everything. It builds a sense of identity and belonging which contributes to better wellbeing.
Why are diagnoses categories important?
They help provide better more specific treatments and give patients and doctors a better understanding of the situation. It is important we keep in mind that people can become obsessed with diagnoses and labels rather than focusing on normal emotions.
What do we mean when we say the body is socially, culturally and politically mediated?
Our bodies are shaped and viewed by social, cultural and political factors.
EG social norms influence how are bodies are viewed and treated.
EG different cultures believe in different standards of ‘healthy’
EG policies control access to healthcare laws around gender etc.
How do Emotions differ between cultures and why?
Different beliefs and norms. Traditions.
What is Gender?
who you know yourself to be. Often includes a role a person is expected ti preform in society. It can be expressed differently through masculinity, feminine etc. It is different to sex which is biological attributes.
How does gender operate as a DOH
gender can affect the way people get help and how they are treated. People who dont fit gender ‘norms’ often face more stigma, discrimination and social exclusion.
What is embodiment?
The idea that our thoughts, feelings, identities and experiences are deeply connected to our physical bodies. We experience the world through our bodies (you dont have a body you are your body). Mind body and soul are all strongly connected.
What are theraputic mobilities. How do we use them in health?
The relationship between moving through place and health & wellbeing. Movement through place. specifies how walking is linked to healthy benefits.
How does place affect health?
it can determine access to resources and affect wellbeing. Places have material aspects (physical environments eg hospitals, green spaces), social dimension ( human interaction, community support) and symbolic and spiritual meanings (emotional and historical significance)
What is the role of whenue (land) for Māori?
historical trauma, solonizing gaze, land people and ancestors are all interconnected. Honours independence between humanity and the natural world.
What are the SDOH
Non medical factors that influence peoples health. Socioeconomic status, social gradient, stress, early life, social exclusion, work, unemployment, social support, addiction, food, transport
What is the Key use of digital/Mhealth and what are the harms and benefits to consider?
The use of technologies to improve health and healthcare. Benefits include virtual care (via zoom, mental health apps). Increases accessibility and scalability in response to limited health systems.
Harms include apps not having customers wellbeing in mind but rather profit, Can make people more addicted to their phones.
What are illness cognitions?
thoughts, beliefs and perceptions people have about their illness. These cognitions can affect how people cope with illness and can affect pain management.
Does it matter if modern pain science is accuratley represented by pharmaceautical companies?
Yes because misrepresentation could lead to ineffective treatments. It also influences public understanding and opinions e.g only selling painkillers may lead people to think pain is only a physcial issue.
What are the dominant understandings of pain?
It is something that can affect anyone. It is perceived as bad. It is considered as chronic pain if it lasts after 6 months.
How can Te Whara Tapa Wha and the BPS model be used for pain management?
they include how thoughts and emotions are involved in managing pain.
Why is a dualistic (mind body split) way of thinking harmful to understanding pain?
it ignores psychological and emotional dimensions of pain. Which leads to mistreatment as only treating physcial aspects not whole body.
What is Esteem support?
Encouragement and affirmation that boosts someones self esteem and self worth
What is Support
informational support, giving advice, suggestions, guidance. It helps people to understand their situation and make informed decisions.
What is Companionship support
Spending time in shared activities to provide a sense of connection, inclusion and normalcy. It reduces lonliness and supports wellbeing
What is Instrumental support
Someone helping a person who is unable to do things themselves. Helps people recover and cope better with challenged.
Describe the key coping strategies:
Approach style - confronting problem and taking action
Avoidance style - minimising the importance of the event
Problem style - taking action to reduce the demands of the stressor or try to manage it
Emotion style - using behavioural or cognitive strategies to regulate their emotions.
What is Minority stress and how does it work?
stress caused by negative experiences from being apart of a minority.
What are the health impacts of minority stress?
constant exposure to minority stress can lead to health impacts like anxiety, depression, substance abuse, and ptsd. Individuals also may be less likely to seek and receive healthcare which lowers their health outcomes.
How does historical trauma and epigenetic play into CVD in Māori?
Historical trauma from colonisation, land loss and systematic racism has led to chronic stress and poor access to heatlcare as well as lifestyle changes that increase CVD risk. This trauma alters gene expression related to stress and is intergenerational.
How does stress affect CVD in Māori?
Stress of seeking care not being able to see a doctor. Stressed about the threat/discomfort of experiencing racism in healthcare. Traditional values often overlooked.
Describe stress as a psychological process?
Stressor causes the brain to causes changes in behaviour and physiology which leads to illness and fight or flight mode.
What are the key characteristics of a climate friendly diet?
moderate consumption, more plant based lower amounts of animal products, reduce ultra processed foods, reduce food waste.
What is the value of incorporating the socio- ecological model into the BPS model for changing food practices and PA?
Because it recognises that the behaviours are influenced by outlying factors not just individual choices. It helps identify barriers to solving the problem.
What are the five inclusive strengths of current BPS frameworks for food studies?
Family dynamics and relationships
Trauma and trauma informed care
Epigenetics
Coping skills
resilience
What are the key benefits of exercise and PA?
longeivuty, chronic illness, depression, body image, response to stress, mood , smoking.
What is the difference between exercise and PA?
Exercise is structerd whereas PA is any form of movement.
Why should we be critical of weight based approacges to nutrtion and PA
weight doesn’t define ‘healthy’ healthy looks different for everyone.
In what ways does food intake affect our mental and physcial health?
Body functioning, metabolic healrh, Cardiovascualr health, immune system support, chronic disease risk. gut health and digestion, longeiviry.
Brain functioning, microbiome, inflammation and immune function, psychological and behaviours factors.
What are the 3 main critiques of current sex education?
overly biological and risk focuses
heteronormative and non-inclusive
one size fits all approach lacking cultural sensitivity.
What is WHO’s definition of sexual health?
a state of physical, emotional, mental and social wellbeing in relation to sexuality. it is not merely the absencse of disease or infirmity. It requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and relationships as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sex free of coercion discrimination and violence.
What are the 3 models of Addiction?
moral model - people with addiction make poor choices, lack willpower and are unwilling to change their lives.
disease model - focuses on the individual as the problem. addiction cant be reversed. emphasises treatment through never gambling again. Doesn’t incorporate relapse.
Social learning theory - addictive behaviours are acquired habits learned from the rules of social learning. addictive behaviours can be unlearn no different from other behaviours.
What is problematic about the terms ‘safe gambling’ and ‘responsible gambling’ ?
responsible gambling means blaming the individual the are responsible for their actions. Safe gambling recognises system level harm and product design. Neither of these terms describe gambling very well.
What is gambling Harm?
a person whose gambling may cause harm. Can be personal, social or economic harm. And can impact their family, community, workplace and society.
What are influential factors for gambling?
Design features, near misses, losses disguised as wins, gamblers fallacy, illusion of skill. incentives, free bets, language and narrative, lights and sounds.
What is sleep?
a naturally reoccurring states of rest for the mind and body. Vital for physical and mental restoration.
What are some negative health impacts associated with chronic sleep deprivation?
psychological - depression and anxiety. Increased irritability and depressive mood.
Physical - pain, fatigue, poor cardiovascular and metabolic health, decreased attention and concentration.
What are common sleep problems?
Insomnia, Sleep apnea(breathing stios and starts during sleep), Restless leg syndrome, circadian rythm disorder (body clock is not lined up with 24hr clock)
How does the socio ecological model explain sleep?
Sleep is influenced by factors like individual behaviour, to societal policies.