Virology Final Exam

Where was monkeypox first identified?

Denmark

Which are the two clades of MPX?

West and Central Africa

Why are these clades the most important, what do they tell us about the origins?

the 1st observation, and the severity in different regions

If an individual walked into your clinic w/ symptoms suspected to be human MPX, what would you look for?

Rash and fever, pustules, ask about travel history

How does the smallpox vaccine cross-protect against monkey pox?

They share antigen features

Briefly discuss the epidemiology of MPX

Many reservoir host but humans and monkeys are primary host

Describe the transmission cycle of monkey pox

Direct/ Indirect contact w/ animal, aerosol transmission, human-human

How would you expect the progression of MPX to take place in an infected individual?

Fever, rash, headache, swollen lymph nodes

How did the first monkeypox outbreak happen in the US?

From Ghana 2003

Do you think that the cessation of smallpox vaccination is driving the monkey pox outbreaks globally?

Yes because cross protection antibodies protect antigen

How would you diagnose monkeypox?

Test IgM/IgG, culture, electron Microscopy test, and pcr test

What is the treatment for moneypox?

No treatment, supportive care

As an epidemiologist, what are some ways you could prevent community transmission

Give health care workers smallpox vax.

Don’t name virus after geographic region

Don’t discriminate

True or False? Diagnosis of poxvirus infections is made based on the appearance of the lesions concentrated on the palms and soles.

True

How long is the prodomal period for smallpox?

2-4 days

True or False? The extracellular virion (EV) form of the vaccinia virus contains one membrane wrapped around a large linear dsDNA genome.

True

Which property of viral RNA polymerases contributes to the rapid evolution of RNA viruses?

Lack of proofreading ability

How was monkeypox first introduced into the United States

Import of infected Gambian rats to a pet store in Texas

Which virus is a serious threat to fresh fish in the Great Lakes region of the United States?

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus

The HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C epidemics localized in central China in the late 1980s and early 1990s were caused primarily by

contaminated blood supplies

True or False? DNA viruses possess higher mutation rates than RNA viruses.

False

True or False? The spread of the Zika virus has been aided by air travel and global trade.

True

True or False? The sudden loss of honeybees in the United States was concluded to be caused by invertebrate

True

True or False? The use of immunosuppressants makes one more susceptible to adenovirus infection.

True

Which of the following viruses has *not* been shown to cause cancer in humans?

Simian virus 40

Temin and Baltimore shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for:

discovering reverse transcriptase

What disease does HTLV primarily cause?

Adult T cell leukemia

What is mainly responsible for the reduction in the incidence of HBV cancers worldwide?

Availability of an HBV vaccine

What explains the high incidence of scrotal and testicular cancer among 18th-century chimney sweeps?

Exposure to carcinogens

True or False? About 20% of human cancers are associated with viruses.

True

True or False? Progressive telomere shortening is a normal part of aging in humans.

True

True or False? An optimized oncolytic virus should be capable of being administered intravenously.

True

Match the scientists with their respective scientific discovery concerning cancer.

a. Demonstrated that filterable agent caused sarcomas in healthy hens

Ans: Rous

b. Demonstrated that oncogenes were cellular genes hijacked by viruses from cells

Ans: Bishop and Varmus

c. Discovered reverse transcriptases

Ans: Baltimore and Temin

d. Developed the Pap smear test for cervical cancer

Ans: Papanicolaou

Who tasted and tested hundreds of plants for their medicinal properties?

Nung

Which of the following is *not* typically used as a vector for gene therapy?

Polioviruses

What antimicrobial substance did Alexander Fleming discover in tears?

Lysozyme

What complication following gene therapy resulted in the death of Jesse Gelsinger?

Adult respiratory distress syndrome

True or False? Waiting lists for kidney and liver transplants are the longest.

False

True or False? The molecule alpha-1,3-galactose is responsible for hyperacute rejection of pig organs in human recipients.

True

True or False? Monkey organs are suitable for human transplants because they are similar in size to human organs.

False

True or False? Hippocrates believed that there was a rational explanation for all physical ailments.

True

Which of the following is *not* a known route of prion transmission?

Fomites

30\. Which stage of Kuru is defined by severe tremors, incontinence, difficulty swallowing, and deep ulcerations?

Terminal

31\. True or False? Kuru was more common in women than in men of the Fore people of Papua New Guinea.

True

32\.Match each prion disease with its respective host.

a. Scrapie
Ans: Sheep
b. Chronic wasting disease
Ans: Elk
c. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Ans: Cattle
7\. Feline spongiform encephalopathy
Ans: Domestic cats

33\. Which of the following is *not* one of the ways plant viruses can be transmitted?

Aerosols

34\. What percentage of global food production is lost to plant disease annually?

10%

35\. True or False? Plant viruses can be transmitted from parent to offspring.

True

36\. True or False? The Dicer enzyme functions to cleave viral dsRNA into short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs).

True

37\. What infection did d’Herelle famously treat with bacteriophage therapy at the League of Nations quarantine station in Egypt?

C) Bubonic plaque

38\. What population is the focus of the global Phagoburn clinical trial?

B) Serious burn victims

What population is the focus of the global Phagoburn clinical trial? 

Serious burn victims

The lytic activity of marine bacteriophages is essential for the recycling of which nutrient into the marine environment?

\n

Carbon

Which of the following is *not* a potential site of biofilm formation? 

\n

Silver-impregnated catheters

\n

. Which phage enzyme creates pores in the inner membrane of the host cell so that lysis can take place?

\n

Holing

A bacteriophage with a mutated repressor gene would be incapable of:

\n

maintaining lysogeny.

What percentage of dairy product fermentation batches is lost to bacteriophage infection?

\n

1–10%

Which process do phages use to deliver their genome into the host cytoplasm?

\n

Penetration

Bacteriophages play a beneficial role in the commercial production of cheese.

\n

False

The only gene expressed during the prophage state encodes the bacteriophage repressor protein.

\n

True

The majority of bacteriophages contain a double-stranded DNA (dsRNA) genome

\n

True

The coronaviruses that have caused the recent epidemic and pandemic outbreaks of diseases, including SARS, MERS, and COVID-19, in human populations belong to  

\n

*Betacoronavirus* (*beta-CoV*), 

\n

SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to which strains of SARA-CoV-2?

\n

Bats

What strandedness are Coronaviruses? 

\n

Positive RNA

\n

What receptor does SARS-CoV2 use to infect cells?

\n

ACE2

What is the gold standard diagnostic detection method for SARS-CoV2?

\n

Molecular detection

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What is the most effective method for a long-term strategy for prevention and control of COVID-19? 

\n

Vaccination

Which are the 2 COVID mRNA vaccine that were deployed in the US? 

\n

Pfizer and Moderna

\n

Host cell binding and entry of SARS-CoV2 virus are mediated by the                    protein 

\n

spike

The                          of the S protein contains the receptor binding domain that binds to the peptidase domain of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2)

\n

S1 subunit

\n

Once the person is given COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, the mRNA and spike protein last long in the body

\n

False

Which of the following is *not* an immune evasion protein produced by poxviruses?

\n

Viroantibodies

\n

Which of the following statements concerning smallpox vaccination is *not* true?

\n

The practice of variolation began in the early 20th century. 

\n

Virologists believe that smallpox is responsible for the selection of a mutated gene that confers resistance to what human disease?

\n

HIV

\n

How long is the prodomal period for smallpox?

\n

2–4 days

\n

Which of the following is *not* a characteristic of the poxvirus genome?

\n

Nonessential genes located in the central part of the genome

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* An individual arrives at the clinic exhibiting a high fever and a vesicular rash on their face, palms, and soles. Which test should be performed to confirm a diagnosis of smallpox? 

\n

Electron microscopy

\n

Poxvirus genome replication occurs in the nucleus

\n

False

Smallpox suddenly emerged during the Industrial Revolution.

\n

False

Attenuated poxvirus vectors have been engineered to undergo ____________, such that they express high levels of foreign antigens without forming full infectious particles

\n

abortive replication

\n

* The smallpox vaccine is administered using a _____________ to create multiple punctures into the deltoid muscle.

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bifurcated needle

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What approach was taken to stop the spread of Nipah virus?

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Culling of livestock

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Which human activity has led to increases in Machupo and Lassa hemorrhagic virus infections in humans?

\n

Agricultural practices

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The HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C epidemics localized in central China in the late 1980s and early 1990s were caused primarily by:

\n

contaminated blood supplies.

\n

What usually determines the severity of West Nile Virus outbreaks in New York from one year to the next?

\n

Severity of winter

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Which poxvirus can be transmitted by sexual contact?

\n

Molluscum contagiosum virus

\n

\n

Monkey pox virus:

\n

**Is part of the same family as variola, the virus that causes smallpox.**

\n

Which of the following statements is true about monkeypox virus transmission?

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Monkeypox can be transmitted by touching items worn by someone with the virus.

\n

Monkeypox vaccine strategies include which of the following statements?

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JYNNEOS is an administered live virus vaccine 

\n

Previous small pox vaccination provides cross-protection against monkey pox

\n

True

The spread of the Zika virus has been aided by air travel and global trade.

\n

True

Which of the following is *not* one of the ways plant viruses can be transmitted?

\n

Aerosols

\n

Which of the following is *not* a feature of plant virus genomes?

\n

Encode their own transcription factors

\n

Which of the following is *not* characteristic of plant satellite viruses?

\n

They rarely affect the health of the plant.

\n

Which assay cannot be used to diagnose viral diseases in plants? 

\n

Plaque assays

\n

Which vascular tissue is used by viruses to cause systemic infections in plants?

\n

Phloem

\n What population is the focus of the global Phagoburn clinical trial? 

Serious Burn patients

\n

The lytic activity of marine bacteriophages is essential for the recycling of which nutrient into the marine environment?

\n

Carbon

___________ is when a phage expresses genes that contribute to the virulence of the bacteria.

\n

Lysogenic conversion

\n

Birds are a major vector of plant viruses.

\n

False