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What does VSEPR theory state?
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory states that electron pairs around a central atom arrange themselves to minimize repulsion.
What is the bond angle of a linear molecular shape?
180° (Example: CO₂)
What is the bond angle of a trigonal planar molecular shape?
120° (Example: BF₃)
What is the bond angle of a tetrahedral molecular shape?
109.5° (Example: CH₄)
What is the bond angle of a trigonal pyramidal molecular shape?
~107° (Example: NH₃)
What is the bond angle of a bent molecular shape?
~104.5° (Example: H₂O)
What electronegativity difference defines a nonpolar covalent bond?
0.0 - 0.4
What electronegativity difference defines a polar covalent bond?
0.5 - 1.7
What electronegativity difference defines an ionic bond?
Greater than 1.7
What type of intermolecular force exists in all molecules?
London Dispersion Forces (LDFs)
What type of intermolecular force exists between polar molecules?
Dipole-Dipole Forces
What type of intermolecular force occurs when hydrogen is bonded to N, O, or F?
Hydrogen Bonding
How does stronger intermolecular forces (IMFs) affect boiling and melting points?
Stronger IMFs increase boiling/melting points.
What are the three common types of hybridization?
sp (linear), sp² (trigonal planar), sp³ (tetrahedral)
How many sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds are in a single bond?
1 sigma (σ) bond
How many sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds are in a double bond?
1 sigma (σ) + 1 pi (π) bond
How many sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds are in a triple bond?
1 sigma (σ) + 2 pi (π) bonds
What is resonance in molecules?
When multiple valid Lewis structures exist for a molecule (Example: SO₃, NO₃⁻).
What is the formula for formal charge?
(Valence electrons) - (Nonbonding electrons) - (Bonding electrons/2)
What are the three exceptions to the octet rule?
Incomplete octet (BeCl₂, BF₃), expanded octet (SF₆, PCl₅), odd-electron molecules (NO₂).
How does bond length relate to bond strength?
Shorter bonds (triple) are stronger than longer bonds (single).
What is metallic bonding?
A "sea of electrons" that allows metals to be conductive and malleable.
What is an alloy?
A mixture of metals (Example: Brass = Cu + Zn).
