CHAPTER 4

Affect

A broad range of feelings that incorporates both emotions and moods, including variations in energy levels and valence.

Emotions

Intense, short-lived feelings triggered by specific events or stimuli, lasting seconds to minutes.

Anger

A strong feeling of displeasure or hostility that arises in response to perceived threats, injustices, or frustrations.

Fear

A response to perceived threats or danger, invoking instinctual fight-or-flight reactions.

Happiness

A state of well-being and contentment often resulting from positive experiences or relationships.

Sadness

A complex feeling of sorrow often related to loss or disappointment that signals a need for support.

Disgust

A powerful feeling of aversion towards something deemed offensive or repulsive.

Surprise

An emotional response to unexpected events that can invoke positive or negative feelings.

Moods

Less intense but longer-lasting emotional states that often lack a specific identifiable cause.

Universal Emotions

Six emotions identified by Paul Ekman that are universally recognized: anger, fear, sadness, happiness, disgust, and surprise.

Emotions and Rationality

Emotions enhance decision-making by providing context to experiences and influencing choices.

Emotions and Ethics

Emotions serve as vital guides in ethical decision-making, influencing moral judgments.

Personality's Effect on Emotion

Individual personality traits can predispose a person to experience specific emotions more frequently.

Time of Day Effects on Mood

People generally report more positive moods during midday and often feel better on weekends.

Sleep and Exercise

Lack of sleep can exacerbate irritability; regular physical activity improves mood and reduces anxiety.

Stress and Emotion

Elevated stress levels can lead to emotional instability and are linked to mental health disorders.

Emotional Labor

The management of emotions to adhere to the emotional requirements of a job.

Surface Acting

A method of emotional labor involving altering outward emotional expressions without genuine feeling.

Deep Acting

A method of emotional labor where internal feelings are aligned with expected emotional responses.

Emotional Dissonance

Conflict between felt emotions and expressed emotions that can lead to psychological strain.

Emotional Intelligence (EI)

The capacity to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions and those of others.

Recognizing Emotions

Awareness of one's feelings and the emotional states of others as a component of emotional intelligence.

Understanding Emotional Meanings

Comprehending the causes and implications of emotions within different contexts.

Managing Emotions

The ability to effectively regulate emotional responses to promote healthy interactions.

Acknowledging and Reframing Emotions

Changing one's perspective on an emotional experience to modify the emotional response.

Venting

Sharing feelings with reliable individuals to provide relief and validate emotions.

Emotional Contagion

The phenomenon of how emotions can spread within social networks.

Cultural Implications of Emotion

Emotional display rules vary between cultures, enhancing intercultural communication.

Positive Affect

Mood characterized by pleasant feelings and high energy.

Negative Affect

Mood characterized by unpleasant feelings and low energy.

Psychological States

Affect influences how individuals respond to experiences based on internal feelings.

Long-lasting Moods

Moods can linger for hours, days, or even longer, influencing overall disposition.

Decision-making

Emotions play an important role in shaping how decisions are made.

Moral Judgments

Feelings of guilt or empathy can influence decisions regarding right and wrong.

Chronic Stress

Long-term stress linked to emotional instability and mental health disorders.

Job Requirements

Emotional labor often involves meeting the affective needs of a specific role.

Psychological Strain

Emotional dissonance can cause potential exhaustion and burnout in the workplace.

Team Morale

A leader's positive emotions can uplift the entire team's spirit and performance.

Adaptability in Culture

Employees must adapt to different emotional expression norms in global settings.

Interpersonal Interactions

Universal emotions shape how we respond and interact with one another.

Emotional Responses

Immediate feelings triggered by specific stimuli influencing behavior and reactions.

Social Signals

Emotions communicate important cues in forming social bonds with others.

Support and Connection

Sadness often signals a need for social support during difficult times.

Anticipation from Emotions

Feelings from fear can encourage precautionary measures in decision-making.

Creative Willingness

Happiness can foster creativity and openness to new experiences.