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Python

interpreted programming language known for its simplicity, readability, and versatility

supports multiple programming paradigms, including procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming, making it adaptable to different coding styles.

Python is

readable

dynamically typed

extensive standard library

cross plat

versatile

interpreted nature

Programming Paradigm

a fundamental style or approach to programming that dictates how tasks should be structured and executed in each programming language. It encompasses principles, concepts, and patterns that guide the design and organization of code.

imperative/procedural programming

focuses on describing a sequence of steps to perform a task, procedures or routines.

object-oriented programming (OOP)

organizes code around objects, which encapsulate data and behavior

functional programming

emphasizes the use of functions and immutable data for computation

declarative programming

describes what the program should accomplish without specifying how to achieve it

event-driven programming

reacts to events and user actions, triggering corresponding functions

logic programming

defines a set of logical conditions and lets the system deduce solutions

indentation

defines blocks of code. crucial for structure and nesting of code blocks

(4 spaces)

comments

#

ignored by interpreter, for humans

Variable

used to store data, created by assigning a value to a name

Data Types

integers, floats, strings, lists, tuples, dictionaries

conditional statements

if, else, elif (else if)

Classes

(also objects) fundamental to object oriented programming in python.

print ()

used to output data to the console

print ("hello")

functions

defined using def

def greet(name):

print ("Hello, name")

run python script in cmd prompt

python script.py

How to run phython script in Python3

python3 script.py

Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)

provide a more user-friendly environment for coding, debugging, and running Python scripts

Markdown file

simple format used frequently to add styled text, images, code snippets and more to coding repos serving as documentation

human readable

.md

markdown file

Consistent Indentation

All statements within the same block must be indented by the same number of spaces.

input()

function, storing user entered info as strings

output()

functions, allowing the presentation of results or messages

format()

method, enhances output formatting by embedding variables in strings

file I/O

through the open() functions enabling reading from and writing to external files.

len ()

determines the length of a sequence

type ()

returns the type of an object

int (), float (), str ()

converts values to integers, floats, or strings

max (), min()

returns the max or min value from a sequences

sum ()

finds the sum of elements in a sequence

abs ()

returns the absolute value of a number

range ()

generates a sequence of numbers

sorted ()

returns a sorted list from an iterable

any (), all()

checks if any or all elemebts in an interable are true

map (), filter ()

applies a function to elements or filters elements based on a functions

open (), read (), write ()

handles file I/O operations

dir ()

lists the names in the current scope or attributes of an object

help ()

provides help info about an object or Python

interactive shell

enables the execution of python code interactively, providing tools for creating, opening, and saving projects.

version control integration

supports integration with version control sys like Git for effcient collaboration and code versioning

code navigation

facilitates easy navigation through large codebases by offering features such as code folding, code outlining, and quick navigation to definitions.

integrated documentation

provides access to documentation for Python libraries and modules directly within the IDE

code profiling

Allows developers to analyze code performance and identify areas for optimization

Problem solving process

analyze problem

develop algo

write code

test and debug

python is dynamically typed

variable types in python are determined at runtime

Purpose of code editor in python IDE

provide a text editor offering syntax highlighting, code completion, and indentation.

Python variables

serving as placeholders to store and manage data. In Python, you don't need to explicitly declare a variable's data type; it dynamically infers it based on the assigned value.

Symbolic Names

refer to names or identifiers that represent values, objects, or entities.

variable name rules

number, letters, _

start with letter or _

cannot be a python keyword

assign multiple variables

x, y, z = "one", "two", "three"

assigning the same value multiple variables

hi = hello = hey = "greeting"

printing multiple variables with , and +

+ will combine strings, and also numbers but not together

, will combine strings and numbers together.

inside a function

means the code is part of a specific function block. Variables defined inside the function have local scope, and the function executes when called.

outside a function

means the code is not part of any specific function block. Variables defined outside functions generally have a global scope and can be accessed throughout the program

function (local)

not accessible outside, promoting encapsulation.

Global Variables

declared outside of functions and can be accessed from any part of the program

core data types

integers, floats, strings

Lists and Tuples

facilitate the organization of multiple elements

dictionaires

enable key value pair storage.

str:

string

int:

integer

float:

floating-point type

boolean

true or falseu

is_true=true

is_false=false

list

ordered, mutalble sequence

[ ]

tuple

ordered, immutable sequence

( )

set:

unordered, mutable collection of unique elements

frozenset:

unchangeable set

dict:

dictionary, an unordered collection of key-pair values

int_num = int(float_num)

converting something to integer, int

same for x = float(y)

x = round(y)

x=abs(y) - absoluite value

You can create multiple strings with

three quotes

Repitition (*)

repeat a string

concatenation (+)

combine two strings

Indexing ([])

accessing individual characters by position. First pos is 0.

(f-strings)

stands for format. Replaces the name of any variable in braces with its value.

\n

\t

new line

new tab

string slicing

refers to the technique of extracting a portion of a string by specifying a range of indices

start, stop, and step

string [start:stop:step]

start is where slicing begins

-if not provided default to beginning of string

stop is where slicing ends

- if not provided default to end of string

step or stride between characters

- if not provided default to 1

immutable

cannot be changed

mutable

can be changed

you can modify strings with

replace ()

upper ()

lower ()

count ()

counts the occurrences of a substring in the given string

strip ()

removes leading and trailing whitespaces

lstrip ()

removes leading white spaces

rstrip ()

removes trailing whitepsaces

+=

shorthand for concatenation and assignment

greeting = "Hello "

greeting =+ "Python!"

print (greeting)

Hello Python

join ()

combine strings from an iterable (list)

positional arguments

arguments that are passed to a function or method in a specific order.

named arguments

keyword arguments, passed to a function or method by explicitly stating the name of the parameter and its value.

assignment operators

=, +=, -=, =, /=, %=, //=, *=

membership operators

in, not in

identity operators

is, is not

modulus %

returns the remainder

floor division //

performs division and rounds down to the nearest whole number.

bitwise shift << >>

lower than arthimetic operations

Exponentiation **

next highest

bitwise AND &

lower than shifts

bitwise XOR ^

lower than AND