vitamins nutrition e2

vitamins

organic substances required for many enzymatic reactions; yield no usable energy for the body, but are needed for energy to be metabolized

fat-soluble vitamins

A,D,E,K

stored un fatty tissues for longer periods of time to be consumed later; possibility of toxicity due to this

water-soluble vitamins

B and C

cant be stored in the body, excreted through urine; need to be taken regularly

vitamin A is also..

retinol, beta-carotene

function & sources of vitamin A

function: contributes to vision health, tissue strength and growth, and embryonic development

sources: egg yolk, fatty fish, yellow & orange fruits & vegetables

deficiency of vitamin A

• xerophthalmia: dryness of conjunctiva and cornea of eye

• night blindness

• manifestations: increased ICP, blindness, dry and thick outer covering of eye

vitamin B- complex

functions in cell metabolism; most affect energy, metabolism, and neurologic function

sources include green leafy veggies and unprocessed or enriched grains

list B vitamins (9)

B1 (Thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin), B3 (Niacin), B4 (choline), B5 (Pantothenic Acid), B6 (Pyridoxine), B7 (Biotin), B9 (Folate), B12 (Cobalamin)

B1 is also..

thiamine

function and sources of B1

function: coenzyme in energy metabolism, promotes appetite, and assists w/ muscle action

sources: meat (pork, liver), legumes (black beans), grains (wheat germ)

deficiency of B1

• beriberi

• manifestations: anorexia, ataxia, confusion, tachycardia

B2 is also..

riboflavin

function and sources of B2

function: coenzyme in protein metabolism- increase need as protein increases; works to release energy from cells

sources: milk and dairy products, meats (liver), fortified cereals

deficiency of B2

• cheilosis: dry swollen lips, cracked (2 lips will Be swollen if you’re lacking B2)

• glossitis: swollen red tongue

B3 is also..

niacin

function and sources of B3

function: aids in metabolism of fats, glucose, and alcohol, and synthesis of steroid hormones, cholesterol, and fatty acids

sources: meats & fish (liver, tuna), poultry, whole, enriched, or fortified grains

deficiency of B3

• pellagra

  • sun-sensitive skin lesions

  • GI issues

  • insomnia, confusion

• B3, 3D’s- diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia

B4 is also..

choline

function and sources of B4

function: liver and brain function, lipid metabolism and cell membrane structure

sources: liver, eggs, milk, broccoli, wheat germ

deficiency of B4

liver and muscle damage

B5 is also..

pantothenic acid

function and sources of B5

function: involved in metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

sources: liver, chicken, legumes, yogurt, broccoli

deficiency of B5

• rare but results in generalized body system failure

• burning feet syndrome

B6 is also..

pyridoxine

function and sources of B6

function: cellular functions and synthesis of hemoglobin, neurotransmitters, and niacin

sources: meats, bananas, whole grains, legumes

deficiency of B6

• macrocytic anemia

• confusion’

• mouth lesions

• convulsions in infants

B7 is also...

biotin

function and sources of B7

function: coenzyme in synthesis of fatty acids, formation of glucose, and amino acid metabolism

sources: liver, eggs, salmon, milk, dark green veggies

deficiency of B7

rare but results in

• neurologic findings ( depression, fatigue)

• hair loss (alopecia)

• scaly red rash

B9 is also..

folate-folic acid

function and sources of B9

function: required for hemoglobin and amino acid synthesis and prevention of neural tube defects in utero

• *Folic acid prevents Fetal problems

sources: liver, dark green leafy veggies, orange juice, legumes

deficiency of B9

• megaloblastic anemia

• CNS disturbances

• fetal neural tube defects (spina bifida, anencephaly)

B12 is also..

cobalamin

function and sources of B12

function: necessary for folate activation and RBC maturation

sources: found solely in foods of animal origin (meats, fish, poultry)

deficiency of B12

• pernicious anemia (seen in those who follow a vegan diet)

vitamin C is also..

ascorbic acid

function and sources of vitamin C

function: antioxidant, aids in tissue building and metabolic reactions (healing, collagen formation, iron absorption, immune system function)

sources: citric fruits, tomatoes, peppers, green leafy veggies, strawberries

deficiency of vitamin C

• scurvy (can be cured w/ doses of vitamin C)

• poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes

• tooth loss

• painful limbs and joints, weak bones

function and sources of vitamin D

function: assists in absorption of calcium and phosphorus and aids in bone mineralization; sunlight enables body to synthesize vitamin D in skin

sources: fatty fish, sunlight, orange juice, milk, liver, eggs

deficiency of vitamin D

• rickets

• osteomalacia

• bone demineralization

• misshapen skull, soft fragile bones, tetany in infants

vitamin E is also..

tocopherol

function and sources of vitamin E

function: an antioxidant that helps preserve lung and RBC membranes

sources: nuts (almonds, hazelnuts, peanuts), vegetable oils (sunflower, safflower, canola)

deficiency of vitamin E

• rare but results in anemia and can cause edema and skin lesions in infants

• muscle pain and weakness

• hemolytic anemia

function and sources of vitamin K

function: assists in blood clotting and bone maintenance, used as an antidote for excess anticoagulants (warfarin)

sources: green leafy veggies, carrots, eggs

deficiency of vitamin K

• increased bleeding time

• internal bleeding

• internal clot formation