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Refers to the production and development of RBC
Erythropoiesis
Primary regulator of erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Erythropoietin is produced by which organ?
Kidneys
The term describing the dynamics of RBC production and destruction
Erythrokinetics
Refers to all stages of erythrocytes development encompassing the earliest precursor cells in the bone marrow to the mature red blood cells in the circulation
Erythron
Any factor that impairs delivery of oxygen to tissues usually results in increased erythropoietin release and stimulation of erythropoiesis.
Stimulus for Red Blood Cell Production
Decrease in oxygenation of blood in the lungs
Hypoxic Hypoxia
Decreased hemoglobin mass in anemia or due to blood loss by bleeding or red cell hemolysis.
Anemic Hypoxia
Stimulus for red blood cell production, include abnormal hemoglobins that have ____ and _____
Higher than normal oxygen affinity and congestive heart failure
Two hypoxic conditions which do not result in increase erythropoietin include?
Chronic kidney disease and Anemia of Chronic Disease
5 stimulus for red blood cell production
growth hormone, testosterone, prolactin, estrogen, and pituitary and thyroid hormones
What are the substances needed for normal maturation of RBC?
Iron
Folic Acid and Vitamin B12
Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin B6, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Pantothenic Acid
EPO, thyroxine, androgens
Intrinsic Factor
Healthy bone marrow
What are the three erythroid precusor nomenclature?
Rubriblastic Nomenclature, Normoblastic Nomenclature, and Erythroblastic Nomenclature
Which criteria is used in identification of precursor becomes coarser clumped and condensed?
Nuclear chromatin pattern
Which criteria is/are used in identification of precursor decreases?
Nuclear diameter, Nucleus: Cytoplasm Ratio
Which criteria is used in identification of precursor turns blue to gray to pink?
Cytoplasmic Color
Earliest recognizable erythroid precursor cell using the light microscope
Rubriblast
Rubriblast is also known as?
Pronormoblast, Proerythroblast
Size of rubriblast?
12-20 um
What is the characteristic of the nucleoli present in rubriblast?
Present (1-2) usually very faint
What are the characteristics of the nucleus present in rubriblast?
round or slightly oval, thin nuclear membrane, central or slightly eccentric
What are the characteristics of the cytoplasm present in rubriblast?
small in amount, moderately basophilic (dark blue), no granules
What is the nucleus to cytoplasm ratio in rubriblast?
8:1
What are the products after the division of rubriblasts?
2 daughter pronormoblast
What are the cell activities present in rubriblast?
protoporphyrin synthesis begins, globin production begins.
Prorubricyte is also know as?
Basophilic normoblast, basophilic erythroblast
What is the size of prorubricyte in um?
10-15 um
How many nucleoli present in prorubricyte?
0-1
What are the characteristics of the nucleus present in prorubricyte?
round, thin nuclear membrane, small, slightly eccentric, coarser chromatin
What are the characteristics of the cytoplasm present in prorubricyte?
more abundant, richer blue than pronormoblast
What is the nucleus to cytoplasm ratio in prorubricyte?
6:1
What are the products after the division of prorubricyte?
2 daughter rubricyte
What is the cellular activity present in prorubricyte?
detectable hemoglobin synthesis occurs
Rubricyte is also known as?
Polychromatophilic normoblast
What is the size of rubricyte in um?
10-12 um
How many nucleoli are present in rubricyte?
None
What are the characteristics of the nucleus present in rubricyte?
round and smaller; thick nuclear membrane; eccentric nucleus, condensed chromatin
What are the characteristics of the cytoplasm in rubricyte?
more abundant than rubriblast and prorubricyte, combination of pink and blue (Murky gray-blue)
What is the nucleus to cytoplasm ratio in rubricyte?
4:1
What are the products after the division of rubricyte?
2 daughter metarubricyte
Metarubricyte is also known as?
Orthochromic normoblast, orthochromic erythroblast, nucleated RBC, acidophilic normoblast, pyknotic erythroblast
What is the size of metarubricyte in um?
8-10 um
It is a dense mass of degenerated chromatin
Pykonotic
What is the appearance of the cytoplasm in metarubricyte?
salmon-pink in color
What is the nucleus to cytoplasm ratio in metarubricyte?
1:2
In which stage is the nucleus extruded at this stage?
Metarubricyte
Reticulocyte is also known as?
Polychromatophilic erythrocyte, diffusely basophilic erythrocyte
What is the size of reticulocyte in um?
7-10um
What is the characteristics of the nucleus in reticulocyte?
Anucleated
What are the characteristics of the cytoplasm of Reticulocyte?
Salmon-pink, presence of small amount of RNA may cause polychromasia (reticulum)
In which stage does young RBC containing residual RNA present?
Reticulocyte
How long does reticulocyte form in the bone marrow?
2-3 days
How long does reticulocyte form in the peripheral blood?
1 day
What is supravital stain composed of?
New Methylene Blue and Brilliant Cresyl Blue
What are the two stains used in Romanowsky stain?
Eosin and Methylene Blue
What is the size of erythrocyte in um?
6-8 um
How thick are erythrocytes in um?
1.5-2.5 um
What is the shape of erythrocytes?
Biconcave disc
What is the characteristic of the nucleus in erythrocytes?
anucleated
What is the characteristic of the cytoplasm in erythrocyte?
Salmon-pink with central pallor area
What is the size of the central pallor area in erthrocytes?
1/3 of the diameter
Average life span of erythrocytes
120 days
The condition or process of deterioration with age
Senescence
An amino acid found in the cell membrane; amount of which indicates the age of cell
Sialic acid
The destruction of red blood cells in the circulation with the release of cell contents into the plasma
Mechanical Hemolysis
Phagocytosis in the liver and spleen
Macrophage-mediated Hemolysis
Note 
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