Erythropoiesis

Refers to the production and development of RBC

Erythropoiesis

Primary regulator of erythropoiesis

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Erythropoietin is produced by which organ?

Kidneys

The term describing the dynamics of RBC production and destruction

Erythrokinetics

Refers to all stages of erythrocytes development encompassing the earliest precursor cells in the bone marrow to the mature red blood cells in the circulation

Erythron

Any factor that impairs delivery of oxygen to tissues usually results in increased erythropoietin release and stimulation of erythropoiesis.

Stimulus for Red Blood Cell Production

Decrease in oxygenation of blood in the lungs

Hypoxic Hypoxia

Decreased hemoglobin mass in anemia or due to blood loss by bleeding or red cell hemolysis.

Anemic Hypoxia

Stimulus for red blood cell production, include abnormal hemoglobins that have ____ and _____

Higher than normal oxygen affinity and congestive heart failure

Two hypoxic conditions which do not result in increase erythropoietin include?

Chronic kidney disease and Anemia of Chronic Disease

5 stimulus for red blood cell production

growth hormone, testosterone, prolactin, estrogen, and pituitary and thyroid hormones

What are the substances needed for normal maturation of RBC?

Iron

Folic Acid and Vitamin B12

Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin B6, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Pantothenic Acid

EPO, thyroxine, androgens

Intrinsic Factor

Healthy bone marrow

What are the three erythroid precusor nomenclature?

Rubriblastic Nomenclature, Normoblastic Nomenclature, and Erythroblastic Nomenclature

Which criteria is used in identification of precursor b**ecomes coarser clumped and condensed?**

Nuclear chromatin pattern

Which criteria is/are used in identification of precursor **decreases?**

Nuclear diameter, Nucleus: Cytoplasm Ratio

Which criteria is used in identification of precursor turns **blue to gray to pink?**

Cytoplasmic Color

Earliest recognizable erythroid precursor cell using the light microscope

Rubriblast

Rubriblast is also known as?

Pronormoblast, Proerythroblast

Size of rubriblast?

12-20 um

What is the characteristic of the nucleoli present in rubriblast?

Present (1-2) usually very faint

What are the characteristics of the nucleus present in rubriblast?

round or slightly oval, thin nuclear membrane, central or slightly eccentric

What are the characteristics of the cytoplasm present in rubriblast?

small in amount, moderately basophilic (dark blue), no granules

What is the nucleus to cytoplasm ratio in rubriblast?

8:1

What are the products after the division of rubriblasts?

2 daughter pronormoblast

What are the cell activities present in rubriblast?

protoporphyrin synthesis begins, globin production begins.

Prorubricyte is also know as?

Basophilic normoblast, basophilic erythroblast

What is the size of prorubricyte in um?

10-15 um

How many nucleoli present in prorubricyte?

0-1

What are the characteristics of the nucleus present in prorubricyte?

round, thin nuclear membrane, small, slightly eccentric, coarser chromatin

What are the characteristics of the cytoplasm present in prorubricyte?

more abundant, richer blue than pronormoblast

What is the nucleus to cytoplasm ratio in prorubricyte?

6:1

What are the products after the division of prorubricyte?

2 daughter rubricyte

What is the cellular activity present in prorubricyte?

detectable hemoglobin synthesis occurs

Rubricyte is also known as?

Polychromatophilic normoblast

What is the size of rubricyte in um?

10-12 um

How many nucleoli are present in rubricyte?

None

What are the characteristics of the nucleus present in rubricyte?

round and smaller; thick nuclear membrane; eccentric nucleus, condensed chromatin

What are the characteristics of the cytoplasm in rubricyte?

more abundant than rubriblast and prorubricyte, combination of pink and blue (Murky gray-blue)

What is the nucleus to cytoplasm ratio in rubricyte?

4:1

What are the products after the division of rubricyte?

2 daughter metarubricyte

Metarubricyte is also known as?

Orthochromic normoblast, orthochromic erythroblast, nucleated RBC, acidophilic normoblast, pyknotic erythroblast

What is the size of metarubricyte in um?

8-10 um

It is a dense mass of degenerated chromatin

Pykonotic

What is the appearance of the cytoplasm in metarubricyte?

salmon-pink in color

What is the nucleus to cytoplasm ratio in metarubricyte?

1:2

In which stage is the nucleus extruded at this stage?

Metarubricyte

Reticulocyte is also known as?

Polychromatophilic erythrocyte, diffusely basophilic erythrocyte

What is the size of reticulocyte in um?

7-10um

What is the characteristics of the nucleus in reticulocyte?

Anucleated

What are the characteristics of the cytoplasm of Reticulocyte?

Salmon-pink, presence of small amount of RNA may cause polychromasia (reticulum)

In which stage does young RBC containing residual RNA present?

Reticulocyte

How long does reticulocyte form in the bone marrow?

2-3 days

How long does reticulocyte form in the peripheral blood?

1 day

What is supravital stain composed of?

New Methylene Blue and Brilliant Cresyl Blue

What are the two stains used in Romanowsky stain?

Eosin and Methylene Blue

What is the size of erythrocyte in um?

6-8 um

How thick are erythrocytes in um?

1\.5-2.5 um

What is the shape of erythrocytes?

Biconcave disc

What is the characteristic of the nucleus in erythrocytes?

anucleated

What is the characteristic of the cytoplasm in erythrocyte?

Salmon-pink with central pallor area

What is the size of the central pallor area in erthrocytes?

1/3 of the diameter

Average life span of erythrocytes

120 days

The condition or process of deterioration with age

Senescence

An amino acid found in the cell membrane; amount of which indicates the age of cell

Sialic acid

The destruction of red blood cells in the circulation with the release of cell contents into the plasma

Mechanical Hemolysis

Phagocytosis in the liver and spleen

Macrophage-mediated Hemolysis