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50 Terms

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Anhedonia

 symptom characterized by the inability to experience pleasure or joy in activities that were previously enjoyable 

  • Feel little joy and lose interest in nearly all activities

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Dysphoria

state of persistent low mood, characterized by feelings of unease dissatisfaction, and unhappiness 

  • Prolonged bouts of sadness (or irritability)

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HPA axis

 complex endocrine system that plays a crucial role in regulating the bodys response to stress 

  • Chronically high levels of stress hormones (cortisol) 

  • Smaller hippocampus (involved in memory+emotion)

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Serotonin

 inhibits the tendency to explore; regulates eating, sleeping, and aggression

  • Implicated role in psychopathology (OCD, depressive disorders)

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dopamine

involved in exploratory, extroverted and pleasure-seeking behavior 

  • Implicated role in disorders (depressive disorders, ADHD)

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norepinephrine

involved in exploratory, extroverted and pleasure-seeking behavior 

  • Implicated role in disorders (depressive disorders, ADHD) 

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multifinality

similar beginnings can lead to different outcomes 

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Equifinality

different beginnings can lead to the same outcome

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risk factors

  • conditions or variables that increase the likelihood of negative outcomes 

    • EX: poverty, exposure to abuse, neglect, or violence, parental mental illness or substance abuse, chronic stress

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protective factors

  • elements that help individuals overcome challenges

    • Conditions that mitigate risks and enhance a childs ability to adapt and thrive, even in the face of adversity

    • EX: stable and supportive family relationships, access to quality education/healthcare, positive peer relationships

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concordance rate

percentage of cases in which a characteristic displayed by one individual is also displayed by another 

  •  a statistical measurement that shows how often a pair of people share a trait or disorder

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monozygotic twins

share 100% of genes

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dizygotic

share 50% of genes

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genotype

genetic makeup DNA

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phenotype

observable traits

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IEP

for documented disabilities under the idea without stricter criteria

favors education in the student’s natural environment

  • equal opportunity

  • Instructional interventions

  • A child has one (or more) of the 13 disabilities listed

Disability must affect child’s educational performance and/or ability to learn from general ed curriculum

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504 plan

broader criteria, focuses on accommodations 

  • Documents the students current functioning in areas of concern 

  • Sets annual goals

  • Suggest adaptations to instruction and environment 

  • Provides a method to evaluate progress

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IDEA

favors education in the student’s natural environment

  • equal opportunity

  • Instructional interventions

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Educational Policies and Services

Educational policies are the guidelines that govern education systems, while educational services are the instruction and training provided in schools and other institutions.

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Least restrictive environment

in class with peers when possible 

  • schools must provide opportunities for socialization with peers when possible 

Services in ieps: speech therapy, occupational, counseling, and physical therapy 

Eligibility for special education: school must demonstrate how a disability impacts the child's ability to succeed in school

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free and appropriate education

everyone has the right to a free and appropriate education

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fear

immediate reaction to danger

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anxiety

strong negative emotion and bodily symptoms of tension, apprehensively anticipating future danger or misfortune and often feeling a lack of control

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panic

sudden uncontrollable fear or anxiety often cousin wildly unthinking behavior

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Operant conditioning

a learning process that uses rewards and punishments to modify voluntary behaviors

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Positive reinforcement

rewards behavior with a positive stimulus (food, money, praise)

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Positive punishment

  • adding a consequence to an undesirable behavior (electric shock, spanking, scolding)

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Negative reinforcement

  • encourages desired behaviors by removing an undesired stimulus (take away loud noise, chores, requests to do something)

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Negative punishment

removing something desirable to decrease an undesirable behavior  (take away food, money, car, internet)

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model/social learning

behavior can be learned through observation 

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Classical conditioning

learning process that involves associating a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that produces a natural response 

  • The kid shows no fear of an animal (rat) and pairing a rat with a loud sound conditioned fear in kid to the sight of the rat, generalized his conditioned fear to other animals similar 

  • Behavior is especially likely to be imitated when it is rewarded

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exposure therapy

type of cognitive behavioral therapy used to treat anxiety disorders, phobias, and other conditions where avoidance plays a significant role

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Cognitive behavioral therapy

type of psychotherapy that helps people manage their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to reduce symptoms of mental health conditions; changing people's thoughts and behaviors

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Reactive aggression

  • engaging in physical violence in response to an event

    • Impulsivity

    • No consideration of alternative responses

    • Seen in younger kids and those with ADHD

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Proactive aggression

  • deliberately engaging in an aggressive act to obtain a desired goal

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Executive functioning

  • Deficits in cognitive processes necessary for goal-directed behavior

  • Deficits in verbal self-regulation, inhibition, planning

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Adaptive Functioning

lower level of self-care and independence than expected given their intellectual ability

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Behavior management

Immediate, tangible rewards

More focus on key functional domains (social relationships and school performance)

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Other Health Impairment (OHI)

  • Having limited strength, vitality o alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to educational environment, that:

    • Is due to chronic or acute health problems such as asthma, attention deficit disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, diabetes, epilepsy, a heart condition, hemophilia, lead poisoning, leukemia, nephritis, rheumatic fever, and sickle cell anemia; and adversely affects student’s educational performance.

    • Such physical disabilities shall not be temporary in nature

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Emotional Disturbance

condition that can affect a person’s emotions, behavior, and learning

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Token economy

Rewards students for desired behaviors with tokens (short + long term rewards)

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Antisocial behavior (Delinquency)

Age inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, societal norms, and the personal or property right of others

*Causes: neurobiology (evidence of decreased serotonin; under arousal of HPA axis)

  • Some behaviors decrease with age (ex: disobeying at home)

  • Some behaviors increase with age and opportunity (ex: hanging around kids who get in trouble)

  • More common in boys during childhood

  • Treatment: Parent Management Training, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy, and Multisystemic Treatment

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Parent-Child interaction therapy (PCIT)

  • Parents and children attend therapy together

  • Provider gives “real time” coaching through “bug in ear” and 1-way mirror

  • Parents create more realistic expectations for children’s behavior

    • Give effective, clear, concrete commands followed by praise or discipline

  • Pros: improvements are maintained for at least 1-2 years

  • Cons: Best for young children (~2-7 years old; less helpful for pre-teens/teens)

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Antisocial Behavior Causes: Cognitive Behavioral

  • Rewards for aggression

  • Social learning/modeling: modeling new aggressive behavior

  • Hostile attribution bias: Perceive ambiguous behavior as hostile

  • Reinforcement trap: giving in to a child’s tantrum 

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Trauma-informed discipline/ trauma-informed practices

framework for understanding and responding to challenging behaviors in a way that acknowledges that impact of trauma on an individual’s development and behavior; it shifts the focus from punishment  to understanding, support, and skill-building

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Islands of Competence

  1. relevant when considering individuals with various disorders, as it provides a valuable framework for fostering resilience and positive self-image 

Shifts the focus to identifying and nurturing an individual's strengths, which can counteract feelings of inadequacy  

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Obsessions

persistent and intrusive thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images

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Compulsions

repetitive, purposeful, and intentional behavior (ex. handwashing) or mental acts (ex. Repeating words silently) that are performed in response to an obsession  

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trauma

  1. event outside of everyday experience that would be distressing to almost anyone 

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Exposure and response prevention

  1. cognitive behavioral therapy that is widely recognized as the gold-standard treatment for OCD; designed to help individuals confront their fears and reduce their compulsive behaviors 

    1. Exposure: involves gradually and repeatedly exposing the individuals to the thoughts, images, objects, or situations that trigger their obsessions; goal is to confront the feared stimuli rather than avoid them 

    2. Response prevention: focuses on preventing the individual from engaging in their compulsive behaviors or rituals that they typically use to reduce their anxiety; by resisting these compulsions, individuals learn that they can tolerate the anxiety and that the feared consequences do not occur