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Anhedonia
symptom characterized by the inability to experience pleasure or joy in activities that were previously enjoyable
Feel little joy and lose interest in nearly all activities
Dysphoria
state of persistent low mood, characterized by feelings of unease dissatisfaction, and unhappiness
Prolonged bouts of sadness (or irritability)
HPA axis
complex endocrine system that plays a crucial role in regulating the bodys response to stress
Chronically high levels of stress hormones (cortisol)
Smaller hippocampus (involved in memory+emotion)
Serotonin
inhibits the tendency to explore; regulates eating, sleeping, and aggression
Implicated role in psychopathology (OCD, depressive disorders)
dopamine
involved in exploratory, extroverted and pleasure-seeking behavior
Implicated role in disorders (depressive disorders, ADHD)
norepinephrine
involved in exploratory, extroverted and pleasure-seeking behavior
Implicated role in disorders (depressive disorders, ADHD)
multifinality
similar beginnings can lead to different outcomes
Equifinality
different beginnings can lead to the same outcome
risk factors
conditions or variables that increase the likelihood of negative outcomes
EX: poverty, exposure to abuse, neglect, or violence, parental mental illness or substance abuse, chronic stress
protective factors
elements that help individuals overcome challenges
Conditions that mitigate risks and enhance a childs ability to adapt and thrive, even in the face of adversity
EX: stable and supportive family relationships, access to quality education/healthcare, positive peer relationships
concordance rate
percentage of cases in which a characteristic displayed by one individual is also displayed by another
a statistical measurement that shows how often a pair of people share a trait or disorder
monozygotic twins
share 100% of genes
dizygotic
share 50% of genes
genotype
genetic makeup DNA
phenotype
observable traits
IEP
for documented disabilities under the idea without stricter criteria
favors education in the student’s natural environment
equal opportunity
Instructional interventions
A child has one (or more) of the 13 disabilities listed
Disability must affect child’s educational performance and/or ability to learn from general ed curriculum
504 plan
broader criteria, focuses on accommodations
Documents the students current functioning in areas of concern
Sets annual goals
Suggest adaptations to instruction and environment
Provides a method to evaluate progress
IDEA
favors education in the student’s natural environment
equal opportunity
Instructional interventions
Educational Policies and Services
Educational policies are the guidelines that govern education systems, while educational services are the instruction and training provided in schools and other institutions.
Least restrictive environment
in class with peers when possible
schools must provide opportunities for socialization with peers when possible
Services in ieps: speech therapy, occupational, counseling, and physical therapy
Eligibility for special education: school must demonstrate how a disability impacts the child's ability to succeed in school
free and appropriate education
everyone has the right to a free and appropriate education
fear
immediate reaction to danger
anxiety
strong negative emotion and bodily symptoms of tension, apprehensively anticipating future danger or misfortune and often feeling a lack of control
panic
sudden uncontrollable fear or anxiety often cousin wildly unthinking behavior
Operant conditioning
a learning process that uses rewards and punishments to modify voluntary behaviors
Positive reinforcement
rewards behavior with a positive stimulus (food, money, praise)
Positive punishment
adding a consequence to an undesirable behavior (electric shock, spanking, scolding)
Negative reinforcement
encourages desired behaviors by removing an undesired stimulus (take away loud noise, chores, requests to do something)
Negative punishment
removing something desirable to decrease an undesirable behavior (take away food, money, car, internet)
model/social learning
behavior can be learned through observation
Classical conditioning
learning process that involves associating a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that produces a natural response
The kid shows no fear of an animal (rat) and pairing a rat with a loud sound conditioned fear in kid to the sight of the rat, generalized his conditioned fear to other animals similar
Behavior is especially likely to be imitated when it is rewarded
exposure therapy
type of cognitive behavioral therapy used to treat anxiety disorders, phobias, and other conditions where avoidance plays a significant role
Cognitive behavioral therapy
type of psychotherapy that helps people manage their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to reduce symptoms of mental health conditions; changing people's thoughts and behaviors
Reactive aggression
engaging in physical violence in response to an event
Impulsivity
No consideration of alternative responses
Seen in younger kids and those with ADHD
Proactive aggression
deliberately engaging in an aggressive act to obtain a desired goal
Executive functioning
Deficits in cognitive processes necessary for goal-directed behavior
Deficits in verbal self-regulation, inhibition, planning
Adaptive Functioning
lower level of self-care and independence than expected given their intellectual ability
Behavior management
Immediate, tangible rewards
More focus on key functional domains (social relationships and school performance)
Other Health Impairment (OHI)
Having limited strength, vitality o alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to educational environment, that:
Is due to chronic or acute health problems such as asthma, attention deficit disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, diabetes, epilepsy, a heart condition, hemophilia, lead poisoning, leukemia, nephritis, rheumatic fever, and sickle cell anemia; and adversely affects student’s educational performance.
Such physical disabilities shall not be temporary in nature
Emotional Disturbance
condition that can affect a person’s emotions, behavior, and learning
Token economy
Rewards students for desired behaviors with tokens (short + long term rewards)
Antisocial behavior (Delinquency)
Age inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, societal norms, and the personal or property right of others
*Causes: neurobiology (evidence of decreased serotonin; under arousal of HPA axis)
Some behaviors decrease with age (ex: disobeying at home)
Some behaviors increase with age and opportunity (ex: hanging around kids who get in trouble)
More common in boys during childhood
Treatment: Parent Management Training, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy, and Multisystemic Treatment
Parent-Child interaction therapy (PCIT)
Parents and children attend therapy together
Provider gives “real time” coaching through “bug in ear” and 1-way mirror
Parents create more realistic expectations for children’s behavior
Give effective, clear, concrete commands followed by praise or discipline
Pros: improvements are maintained for at least 1-2 years
Cons: Best for young children (~2-7 years old; less helpful for pre-teens/teens)
Antisocial Behavior Causes: Cognitive Behavioral
Rewards for aggression
Social learning/modeling: modeling new aggressive behavior
Hostile attribution bias: Perceive ambiguous behavior as hostile
Reinforcement trap: giving in to a child’s tantrum
Trauma-informed discipline/ trauma-informed practices
framework for understanding and responding to challenging behaviors in a way that acknowledges that impact of trauma on an individual’s development and behavior; it shifts the focus from punishment to understanding, support, and skill-building
Islands of Competence
relevant when considering individuals with various disorders, as it provides a valuable framework for fostering resilience and positive self-image
Shifts the focus to identifying and nurturing an individual's strengths, which can counteract feelings of inadequacy
Obsessions
persistent and intrusive thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images
Compulsions
repetitive, purposeful, and intentional behavior (ex. handwashing) or mental acts (ex. Repeating words silently) that are performed in response to an obsession
trauma
event outside of everyday experience that would be distressing to almost anyone
Exposure and response prevention
cognitive behavioral therapy that is widely recognized as the gold-standard treatment for OCD; designed to help individuals confront their fears and reduce their compulsive behaviors
Exposure: involves gradually and repeatedly exposing the individuals to the thoughts, images, objects, or situations that trigger their obsessions; goal is to confront the feared stimuli rather than avoid them
Response prevention: focuses on preventing the individual from engaging in their compulsive behaviors or rituals that they typically use to reduce their anxiety; by resisting these compulsions, individuals learn that they can tolerate the anxiety and that the feared consequences do not occur