Middle Ages

feudalism

a political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Charles Martel

Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in the battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe

Fief

land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service

Chivalry

Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages

Manorial System

an economic system in the Middle Ages was built around large estates called manors

Serf

(Middle Ages) a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord

King Arthur

The true king of Camelot. Young and honorable. Uther Pendragon is his father

Sacraments

Sacred rituals of the Roman Catholic Church

papal supremacy

the claim of medieval popes that they had authority over all secular rulers

middle ages

a period that lasted from about 500 to about 1500

high middle ages

1000-1300

germanic tribes

nomadic groups that invaded the Roman empire from the north and east. They caused the fall of rome

William Duke of Normandy

1066 invaded England claiming the English throne in the battle of hastings

Harold Godwinson

Most powerful noble, became king of england in 1066 after death of Edward the Confessor, ruled for brief time until defeated and killed at the Battle of Hastings

battle

battle of hastings

(1066 CE) The Norman invasion of England; this was the largest battle.

charlemange

800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy.

Magna Carta

the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215

Habeus Corpus Act

Charles II signed this, which protects people from arrest without due process

Louis IX of France

St Louis named after him, saint/crusader

holy Roman empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

concordat of worms

document they allowed king to choose government officials & pope to choose church officials/clergy

Fredrick Barbossa

12th century ruler of Germany who called his territory "the Holy Roman Empire," but was unable to establish a strong monarchy- Red beard

pope innocent lll

(c. 1160-1216) one of the most powerful and influential popes in history; exerted wide influence over the Christian regimes of Europe, claiming supremacy. Called upon Christian forces to begin The Fourth Crusade (crusaders ended up sacking Constantinople)

richard the lion hearted

English king who fought Saladin in the Third Crusade

saladin

The leader of the Muslims in the third crusade and captured Jerusalem in 1187.

Habeus Corpus

The legal protection that prohibits the imprisonment of a subject without demonstrated cause

crusades

A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia

seljuk turks

Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century

pope urban ll

Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades

marco polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

hundred years war

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.

reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492

bubonic plague

Black Death; was a deadly disease that spread through Europe and killed one out of every three people

muhammed

The prophet and founder of Islam

quran

The holy book of Islam

five pillars of Islam

Declaration of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage

Abu Bakr

first caliph after death of Muhammad

Sunni

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Shia

the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Jesus

founder of Christianity; believed by Christians to be the Messiah

judaism

A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.