Ac 3.2 reducing crime and achieving social control

What is an environmental design and how does it reduce crime

Situational crime prevention- influencing potential offenders away from crime through changes to the environment

Natural surveillance designing crime out- features of the environment are open planned and people can be easily identified

Target hardening- where more control is added to crime hot spots

Defendable space and territoriality- exercising control over people’s surroundings through private ownership

Safe image- building and the wider environment should give the impression of safety

What are behavioural tactics and how do they reduce crime

Zero tolerance policing- strict policing of minor crimes in an attempt to stop more serious crimes from occurring

ASBOs- civil orders restraining a person from exhibiting unwanted behaviour, if breached criminal offence is committed

CBOs- lasts 2 years and had positive requirements to fufuil , could also be posted on local message boards within the community

Token economies- aims to achieve social control by reshaping inmates behaviour patterns

What are institutional tactics and how does it reduce crime

Sanctions- informal rewards and punishments within the institution

CJS rules- chain of authority/ safety/ offend threaten or hurt

Phased discipline- where first offences are dealt with more leniently but further offences are dealt with more severely

What is community cooperation and how does it reduce crime

Community crime prevention- using local policies, knowledge and contacts to deal with crime

Reduce inequality deprivation and exclusion - reducing relative deprivation to deter offenders

Multi agency cooperation- using other non CJ agencies to help deal with crime re interpretive shaming

Letting local community organisations know who has committed crime- allows offenders to apologise and be let back into the community

What is the panopticon prison design

All seeing central point where everyone knows they could be put under surveillance

Created by Jeremy Bentham and brother Samuel

Was planned to be used in prison hospitals and schools but never happened in uk

How does the panopticon work

A central tower where Everton can be seen creating permanent visibility where people would behave as if they are being constantly watched

Central inspection consequence- the inmate polices themselves for fear of punishment

Prison designs HMP Pentonville

Category B North London medium security prison such as violent and sex offenders

Victorian style with 5 main wings and small cells, staff located in middle to make inmates feel seen and watched

Sever overcrowding with poor living conditions and a lack of staff

HMP berwyn

Category c located in Wrexham with people sent there as they are likely to escape

Has a rehabilitative approach so focussed on education and rehabilitation

High levels of violence and drug use and seen as too soft

HMP kirkham

Category d prison primarily used for low risk offenders

Design reflects an open layout which focuses on being less restrictive aiding in rehabilitation as the prison has room for work and vocational training leading to less reliance on crime

Big escape risk and too much freedom so allows reoffending with limited family contact

How can a lack of resources and increased use of tech produce gaps in state provision

Limits on what tax payers are willing to pay

Budget cuts have led to a fall in police numbers

Loss of staff in prisons and cps

Technology has led to an increase in data investigation

How can unreported crime lead to a gap in state provision

40% of crime not reported giving rise to the dark figures of funding

Over reliance on media and voluntary sectors

How can lack of existing laws lead to a gap in state provision

New types of harm emerge but laws don’t change fast enough to forbid this behaviour