enzymes, pH, pKa

decarboxylase

removed carboxyl group, release CO2

amidase

hydrolyzes (breaks with water) an amide bond

esterase

hydrolyzes ester into an acid + alcohol

lactamase

hydrolyzes B-lactam ring specifically

oxidase

catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions (adds O, removes e-)

reductase

catalyzes reduction reaction (adds electrons/H)

hydroxylase

introduces new OH group onto molecule

transferase

moves functional group from one molecule to another

blood (arterial) pH

7.4

illeum (distal) pH

8

stomach pH

1

sulfonic acid (SO3H) pka

-0.6

carboxylic acid (ring) pka

4.2

protonated amine/ammonium pka

4.6

carboxylic acid pka

4.8

thiol (phenyl group) pka

7.8

phenol (alcohol attached to ring) pka

10

thiol pka

10.5

alcohol pka

17

1,3 dicarbonyl pka

11

amide pka

15