1. Overview of the Nervous System

central nervous system

brain, brainstem, spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

nerves extending out from brainstem and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system breakdown

autonomic, somatic

autonomic breakdown

sympathetic, parasympathetic

sympathetic

fight, flight, freeze

parasympathetic

rest and digest

CNS bone protections

cranium and vertebral column

CNS tissues/fluid protections

Meninges, cerebrospinal fluid

gray matter

cell bodies

on the outside

process information

white matter

axons

inside

carry signals to other neurons/structures

Frontal lobe function

motor, basic language, higher level cognition (executive function)

Parietal lobe function

somatosensory, attention

Occipital lobe function

visual processing (perception and recognition)

Temporal lobe function

auditory, language comprehension, prosody, recognition of objects/faces, memory, thought elaboration

Broca’s aphasia location

inferior frontal gyrus

Apraxia

frontal lobe

personality/mood

frontal lobe

abulic/apathetic syndrome

frontal lobe

R/L hemiparesis

frontal lobe

R/L motor movement

frontal lobe

Right Hemisphere Brain Damage

frontal lobe

R/L sensation

parietal lobe

R/L hemianesthesia

parietal lobe

RHD left neglect

parietal lobe

tactile agnosia

parietal lobe

Wernicke’s aphasia

parietal lobe

sensory integration

parietal lobe

visual-spatial

parietal lobe

constructional deficits

parietal lobe

RHD

temporal lobe

Wernicke’s aphasia

temporal lobe

anterograde amnesia

temporal lobe

impaired audition

temporal lobe

visual perception

occipital lobe

visual recognition

occipital lobe

visual agnosia

occipital lobe

homonymous hemianopsia

occipital lobe

prosopagnosia lobe location

occipital lobe & temporal lobe

cortical blindness

occipital lobe

visual hallucinations

occipital lobe

dysexecutive syndrome location

dorsolateral frontal lobe

dysexecutive syndrome symptoms

apathy, diminished drive, cognitive deficits, confabulation, appear depressed

pseudopsychopathic syndrome location

orbitofrontal

abulic/apathetic symptoms

lack of care, limited initiation of behavior

dorsolateral prefrontal lobe damage

difficulty with planning, problem solving, thinking, reasoning, executive functioning

orbital/ventral prefrontal lobe damage

personality disorders, emotional disintegration, impulsive social behaviors

medial prefrontal lobe damage

attention, motivation, responsiveness

inferior, posterior frontal region damage

non-fluent aphasia, spared comprehension, word retrieval, apraxia

body schema location

parietal lobe

spatial orientation location

parietal lobe

hemianesthesia meaning

contralateral sensory loss

visual (where) memory impairment

parietal lobe

anosognosia definition

impairs a person's ability to understand and perceive their illness

apragmatism

parietal lobe

left neglect definition

ATTENTION disorder

failure to respond to people, sounds, and objects to the left of midline

primary auditory cortex

Heschl’s gryi

Hippocampus function

creation/storage of new memories

consolidation of memories for long term storage

temporal lobe damage

reduced phonetic discrimination, impaired processing of nonverbal info, seizures

prosopagnosia damage

right fusiform gyrus

homonymous hemianopsia definition

visual field deficit in the same halves of each eye

number of layers of neuron cell bodies in cortex

6

Brodman’s areas

represent different cellular organizations, associated with different functions

primary motor strip location

precentral gyrus

primary sensory strip location

post-central gyrus

hearing organization

tonotopic (organized by frequency)

vision organization

retinotopic (organized by location of receptive field)

proximal

towards point of attachment

distal

away from point of attachment

rostral

front

caudal

back

afferent

towards CNS

sensory

efferent

away from CNS

motor

transient

comes and goes

dorsal brain

top of head

ventral brain

bottom of head

longitudinal fissure

separates right and left hemispheres

central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

sylvian fissure

separates temporal and parietal lobes

insula

cortex deep in sylvian fissure

cingulate gyrus

limbic system

emotions and memory

corpus callosum

white matter tract connecting L/R hemispheres

thalamus function

sensory relay station

interconnected with brainstem, cerebellum, cortex

hypothalamus function

autonomic nervous system

regulates body systems (hunger, thirst, sleep, drive)

anterior frontal

higher level cognition

motor systems

frontal

expressive language

frontal

expressive emotional prosody

frontal

primary sensory strip

parietal

attention, body schema, visual pathway (where)

parietal

reading/writing language

parietal

emotional prosody comprehension

parietal

language processing

superior temporal

semantic processing

temporal

language comprehension

temporal

emotional prosody comprehension

temporal

memory, visual what, olfactory processing

temporal lobe

basal ganglia

deep nuclei connected to motor and sensory system

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra

basal ganglia components

peduncle

white matter tracts that attach cerebellum

cerebellum function

motor control