Nutritin T2

Digestion, Absorption, Transportation and Metabolism

food being broken down into simpler substances, what are the 4 main steps in this process?

digestion

Chemical and mechanical process of food being broken down in the GI tract to release nutrients in forms that the body can use and absorb

absorption

The process by which nutrients are taken into the cells that line the GI tract

transport

The movement of nutrients through the circulatory system from one area of the body to another

metabolism

The sum of the vast number of chemical changes in the cell that ultimately produce the materials that are essential for energy, tissue building and metabolic controls

**Mechanical** - mastication

**Chemical** - Salivary glands secrete saliva, Amylase

two types of digestion that occurs before absorption can proceed

Chyme

After food has gone through the digestion process in the mouth and esophagus, and enters the stomach, it turns in a semiliquid acid/ food mic called _______

Wave-like contractions that either move food through the digestive track or mixing action which helps mix food with digestive juices.

What is peristalsis?

* Hydrochloric Acid & buffer ions - maintain pH
* Enzymes - breakdown
* Mucus - lubricates and protects
* Water and electrolytes - assist in carrying
* Bile - emulsifies fat

Gastrointestinal secretions work together to make chemical digestion possible what are the major types of secretions?

Emulsifies fat into smaller pieces to expose more surface area for the action of fat splitting enzymes. Aids fat digestion and absorption

what does bile contain (small intestines)

Mucus

______protects the lining of the stomach and intestines from strong acid.

Pancreas, Gallbladder and Liver

3 accessory organs that assist the small intestine in the digestion process

**Secretin** - controls acidity and secretion of enzymes from pancreas, keeps environment alkaline pH greater than 8 pancreatic enzymes can work

The hormones stimulates the pancreases to release secretions:

Simple diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Active transport, Pinocytosis

types of absorption processes occur in the small intestine

when molecules spread from an area of high to an area of low concentration

simple diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

facilitated diffusion

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

active transport

the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane.

pinocytosis

**Water:** main absorptive task of large intestine is to absorb water; small amount remains in feces

**Dietary fiber**: contributes important bulk to help form feces

**Nutrients**: absorbed through lymph or blood

primary function of the large intestine in regards to the absorption process

**Calorie**: Energy in food and energy expanded in physical activity

**Kilocalorie**: (1000 calories) used by nutritional scientists

**Joule**: International Unit.

unit of measurement is used when referring to the amount of energy in a food:

REE - resting energy expenditure

Basal energy expenditure - sum of internal activity at total rest

the body is at complete rest, it is still using energy to maintain life - the amount of energy the body needs to maintain life, while at this rest is called…

thermic effect of food

estimate of the energy required to process the food you eat

Glycogen

stored energy the body uses first

Muscle mass

energy is the last to be utilized after all other sources have been depleted

Weight gain (extreme \= obesity)

food intake is greater than your energy output

weight loss ( extreme \= anorexia)

energy output is greater than your food intake

**Glycogen**: 12 - 24 hour reserve in liver, muscle, quickly depleted if not replenished

**Adipose tissue**: Varies by individual, most concentrated/ efficient form of energy

**Muscle mass**: used during long period of fasting or starvation

Sources of stored energy

metabolism, normal body function, regulation of body temperature and tissue growth and repair

energy output

determined by 1) basal energy expenditure, Physical activity and thermic effect of food

total energy demands

body energy output

food energy intake \=

A vital organic substance that is not a macronutrient that is necessary to perform a specific metabolic function or to prevent a deficiency disease. The body cannot manufacture it in sufficient quantities so diet must provide it.

For something to be classified as a vitamin, what must it do?

Aids vision, growth, tissue strength, and immunity

Function of Vitamin A (Retinol)

Fish liver oil, liver, egg yolks, butter cream, dark green leafy vegetables, dark orange vegetables and fruit

Sources of Vitamin A (retinol)

compromised vision, growth, reproduction, immune system and epithelial tissue

Deficiency of Vitamin A (retinol)

Blood clotting and bone development

Function of: Vitamin K

Green leafy vegetables

Sources of Vitamin K

Primary deficiency uncommon; may be secondary to another clinical condition. infants routinely receive vitamin K injections at birth to prevent hemorrhaging

Deficiency of Vitamin K

Connective tissue, general body metabolism, antioxidant function

Function of: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

citrus fruit, bell peppers, kiwi, berries, broccoli, tomato juice, other green and yellow vegetables

Sources of Vitamin C

Tissue bleeding joint bleeding, susceptibility to bone fracture, poor wound healing, bleeding gums and tooth loss, scurvy

Deficiency of Vitamin C

DNA synthesis, cell division, glycine synthesis reduction of blood homocysteine concentration, gene expression

Function of: Folate

green, leafy vegetables, orange juice, legumes and chicken liver fortified products

Source of Folate

birth defects, poor growth in children, weakness depression and neuropathy

Deficiency of Folate

DNA synthesis, cell division

Function of: Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Beef liver, lean meat, clams, oyster, herring, crab

Source of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

due to poor absorption; age, fatigue, nausea and anorexia, hematologic, neurologic and digestive manifestation is advanced cases

Deficiency of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Thiamin (B1)

alcoholics at risk to be deficient in:

phytochemicals

Bioactive plant compounds found in fruits, vegetables, grains and other plant foods

product (other than tabaco) that has following characteristics

* Intended to supplement diet
* Contain 1 or more dietary ingredient (vitamins, minerals, herbs)
* Intended to be take PO - pill, capsule, tab, liquid
* Labeled as being dietary supplement

nutrient supplementation? & What does it contain?

* pregnancy + Lactation = increase demand, reduces neural tube defect (folic acid)
* Infants, Children, adolescents = Vitamin D
* Older adults = Vitamin D and B12

groups of people are recommended for nutrient supplementation

7 major minerals

How many major minerals are there?

18

There is ___ trace minerals

Calcium

mineral found in the human body

Bone & tooth formation, blood clotting and muscle and nerve action, metabolic reaction

Function of: Calcium

Milk and milk products, Green vegetables, fish with bones, and fortified food

Sources of Calcium

hypocalcemia & osteoporosis

Deficiency of Calcium

function: Water balance, muscle action, nutrient absorption

Function of: Sodium

Table salt, cured meat, canned soup, processed food

Sources of Sodium

hyponatremia - rare

Deficiency of Sodium

Water balance, metabolic reactions, muscle action insulin release, blood pressure

Function of: Potassium

unprocessed foods: fruit (oranges and bananas) vegetable (potatoes and leaf green) fish, whole grain, legumes, seeds, milk products

Sources of Potassium

hypokalemia prolonged vomiting and diarrhea, severe malnutrition

Defeciency of Potassium

**Function**: maintain water acid-base balance, digestion, respiration

**Sources**: table salt

**Deficiency**: excessive vomiting

Function, Sources and Deficiency of: Chloride

**Function**: preventing dental caries

**Sources**: crab, shrimp, raisins, grape juice, hot breakfast, cereal, tea contain high concentration

Function & Source of: Fluoride

Potassium, Chloride and Sodium

3 minerals that regulate our bodies water balance

Thirst

How do our bodies tell us to maintain hydration?

To maintain a balance and it carries out toxins

Why must the body excrete water in the urine?

**Cations**: Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium

**Anions**: Chloride, Bicarbonate, Phosphate, Sulfate

examples of electrolytes:

* Osmosis
* Diffusion
* Facilitated Diffusion
* Filtration
* Active Transport
* Pinocytosis

ways water moves across membranes in the body

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) & Vasopressin

Water retention happens because of _____

Transport

process by which nutrients are taken into the vascular and lymphatic system is

Enzymes

substance is responsible for breaking down food in the digestion process

Improper function of the gastroesophageal sphincter.

One of the common causes of heartburn is:

How well the body can absorb a nutrient.

Bioavailability is best defined as:

Peristalsis

During digestion, the major muscle action that moves the food mass forward in regular rhythmic waves is called:

Lubricates and protects the GI lining.

Mucus is an important GI secretion because it:

A gastric enzyme that acts on protein.

Pepsin is:

A fat-emulsifying agent.

Bile is an important secretion that is:

The lymphatic system by the way of the villi lacteals.

The route of fat absorption is:

Carbohydrates

the body's primary fuel

Fat

highest caloric density

True.

T or F: lean body mass has the greatest effect on basal metabolic rate

Physical Activity

most variable component of total energy expenditure for any given person

Measure energy input and output.

kilocalorie is used to:

Increased energy needs.

An overactive thyroid causes:

Butter

highest energy value per unit of weight:

To act as an antioxidant.

one of the functions of vitamins

Catalysts

Enzymes and coenzymes control specific chemical reactions by acting as

In the blood-clotting process.

The earliest discovered function of vitamin K is

Vitamin B12

Cobalamin is the chemical name for which vitamin

Green peppers, strawberries, and oranges.

When an increase of Vitamin C is needed, you would need to eat:

Functional food

A food with added nutrients through fortification or enrichment is considered

Thiamin

Beriberi is the deficiency disorder that is associated with which vitamin?

25

____ out of 118 in the periodic table are essential to human life

Chloride

a major mineral:

Fluoride

a trace element:

Sodium

most plentiful mineral in the body

Relative amounts in the body.

Minerals are classified according to their

Calcium

Which mineral has the following functions: blood clotting, muscle and nerve action, and bone and teeth formation?

Fluoridation of the public water supply in very small amounts helps to prevent dental caries.

A known function of fluoride in human nutrition is dental health. Which of the following statements correctly describes this relation?