Nutritin T2

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111 Terms

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Digestion, Absorption, Transportation and Metabolism
food being broken down into simpler substances, what are the 4 main steps in this process?
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digestion
Chemical and mechanical process of food being broken down in the GI tract to release nutrients in forms that the body can use and absorb
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absorption
The process by which nutrients are taken into the cells that line the GI tract
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transport
The movement of nutrients through the circulatory system from one area of the body to another
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metabolism
The sum of the vast number of chemical changes in the cell that ultimately produce the materials that are essential for energy, tissue building and metabolic controls
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**Mechanical** - mastication

**Chemical** - Salivary glands secrete saliva, Amylase
two types of digestion that occurs before absorption can proceed
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Chyme
After food has gone through the digestion process in the mouth and esophagus, and enters the stomach, it turns in a semiliquid acid/ food mic called _______
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Wave-like contractions that either move food through the digestive track or mixing action which helps mix food with digestive juices.
What is peristalsis?
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* Hydrochloric Acid & buffer ions - maintain pH
* Enzymes - breakdown
* Mucus - lubricates and protects
* Water and electrolytes - assist in carrying
* Bile - emulsifies fat
Gastrointestinal secretions work together to make chemical digestion possible what are the major types of secretions?
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Emulsifies fat into smaller pieces to expose more surface area for the action of fat splitting enzymes. Aids fat digestion and absorption
what does bile contain (small intestines)
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Mucus
______protects the lining of the stomach and intestines from strong acid.
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Pancreas, Gallbladder and Liver
3 accessory organs that assist the small intestine in the digestion process
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**Secretin** - controls acidity and secretion of enzymes from pancreas, keeps environment alkaline pH greater than 8 pancreatic enzymes can work
The hormones stimulates the pancreases to release secretions:
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Simple diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Active transport, Pinocytosis
types of absorption processes occur in the small intestine
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when molecules spread from an area of high to an area of low concentration
simple diffusion
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Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
facilitated diffusion
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the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.
active transport
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the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane.
pinocytosis
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**Water:** main absorptive task of large intestine is to absorb water; small amount remains in feces

**Dietary fiber**: contributes important bulk to help form feces

**Nutrients**: absorbed through lymph or blood
primary function of the large intestine in regards to the absorption process
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**Calorie**: Energy in food and energy expanded in physical activity

**Kilocalorie**: (1000 calories) used by nutritional scientists

**Joule**: International Unit.
unit of measurement is used when referring to the amount of energy in a food:
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REE - resting energy expenditure

Basal energy expenditure - sum of internal activity at total rest
the body is at complete rest, it is still using energy to maintain life - the amount of energy the body needs to maintain life, while at this rest is called…
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thermic effect of food
estimate of the energy required to process the food you eat
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Glycogen
stored energy the body uses first
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Muscle mass
energy is the last to be utilized after all other sources have been depleted
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Weight gain (extreme \= obesity)
food intake is greater than your energy output
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weight loss ( extreme \= anorexia)
energy output is greater than your food intake
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**Glycogen**: 12 - 24 hour reserve in liver, muscle, quickly depleted if not replenished

**Adipose tissue**: Varies by individual, most concentrated/ efficient form of energy

**Muscle mass**: used during long period of fasting or starvation
Sources of stored energy
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metabolism, normal body function, regulation of body temperature and tissue growth and repair
energy output
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determined by 1) basal energy expenditure, Physical activity and thermic effect of food
total energy demands
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body energy output
food energy intake \=
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A vital organic substance that is not a macronutrient that is necessary to perform a specific metabolic function or to prevent a deficiency disease. The body cannot manufacture it in sufficient quantities so diet must provide it.
For something to be classified as a vitamin, what must it do?
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Aids vision, growth, tissue strength, and immunity
Function of Vitamin A (Retinol)
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Fish liver oil, liver, egg yolks, butter cream, dark green leafy vegetables, dark orange vegetables and fruit
Sources of Vitamin A (retinol)
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compromised vision, growth, reproduction, immune system and epithelial tissue
Deficiency of Vitamin A (retinol)
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Blood clotting and bone development
Function of: Vitamin K
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Green leafy vegetables
Sources of Vitamin K
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Primary deficiency uncommon; may be secondary to another clinical condition. infants routinely receive vitamin K injections at birth to prevent hemorrhaging
Deficiency of Vitamin K
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Connective tissue, general body metabolism, antioxidant function
Function of: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
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citrus fruit, bell peppers, kiwi, berries, broccoli, tomato juice, other green and yellow vegetables
Sources of Vitamin C
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Tissue bleeding joint bleeding, susceptibility to bone fracture, poor wound healing, bleeding gums and tooth loss, scurvy
Deficiency of Vitamin C
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DNA synthesis, cell division, glycine synthesis reduction of blood homocysteine concentration, gene expression
Function of: Folate
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green, leafy vegetables, orange juice, legumes and chicken liver fortified products
Source of Folate
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birth defects, poor growth in children, weakness depression and neuropathy
Deficiency of Folate
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DNA synthesis, cell division
Function of: Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
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Beef liver, lean meat, clams, oyster, herring, crab
Source of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
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due to poor absorption; age, fatigue, nausea and anorexia, hematologic, neurologic and digestive manifestation is advanced cases
Deficiency of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
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Thiamin (B1)
alcoholics at risk to be deficient in:
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phytochemicals
Bioactive plant compounds found in fruits, vegetables, grains and other plant foods
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product (other than tabaco) that has following characteristics

* Intended to supplement diet
* Contain 1 or more dietary ingredient (vitamins, minerals, herbs)
* Intended to be take PO - pill, capsule, tab, liquid
* Labeled as being dietary supplement
nutrient supplementation? & What does it contain?
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* pregnancy + Lactation = increase demand, reduces neural tube defect (folic acid)
* Infants, Children, adolescents = Vitamin D
* Older adults = Vitamin D and B12
groups of people are recommended for nutrient supplementation
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7 major minerals
How many major minerals are there?
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There is ___ trace minerals
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Calcium
mineral found in the human body
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Bone & tooth formation, blood clotting and muscle and nerve action, metabolic reaction
Function of: Calcium
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Milk and milk products, Green vegetables, fish with bones, and fortified food
Sources of Calcium
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hypocalcemia & osteoporosis
Deficiency of Calcium
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function: Water balance, muscle action, nutrient absorption
Function of: Sodium
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Table salt, cured meat, canned soup, processed food
Sources of Sodium
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hyponatremia - rare
Deficiency of Sodium
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Water balance, metabolic reactions, muscle action insulin release, blood pressure
Function of: Potassium
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unprocessed foods: fruit (oranges and bananas) vegetable (potatoes and leaf green) fish, whole grain, legumes, seeds, milk products
Sources of Potassium
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hypokalemia prolonged vomiting and diarrhea, severe malnutrition
Defeciency of Potassium
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**Function**: maintain water acid-base balance, digestion, respiration

**Sources**: table salt

**Deficiency**: excessive vomiting
Function, Sources and Deficiency of: Chloride
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**Function**: preventing dental caries

**Sources**: crab, shrimp, raisins, grape juice, hot breakfast, cereal, tea contain high concentration
Function & Source of: Fluoride
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Potassium, Chloride and Sodium
3 minerals that regulate our bodies water balance
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Thirst
How do our bodies tell us to maintain hydration?
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To maintain a balance and it carries out toxins
Why must the body excrete water in the urine?
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**Cations**: Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium

**Anions**: Chloride, Bicarbonate, Phosphate, Sulfate
examples of electrolytes:
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* Osmosis
* Diffusion
* Facilitated Diffusion
* Filtration
* Active Transport
* Pinocytosis
ways water moves across membranes in the body
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) & Vasopressin
Water retention happens because of _____
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Transport
process by which nutrients are taken into the vascular and lymphatic system is
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Enzymes
substance is responsible for breaking down food in the digestion process
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Improper function of the gastroesophageal sphincter.
One of the common causes of heartburn is:
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How well the body can absorb a nutrient.
Bioavailability is best defined as:
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Peristalsis
During digestion, the major muscle action that moves the food mass forward in regular rhythmic waves is called:
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Lubricates and protects the GI lining.
Mucus is an important GI secretion because it:
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A gastric enzyme that acts on protein.
Pepsin is:
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A fat-emulsifying agent.
Bile is an important secretion that is:
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The lymphatic system by the way of the villi lacteals.
The route of fat absorption is:
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Carbohydrates
the body's primary fuel
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Fat
highest caloric density
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True.
T or F: lean body mass has the greatest effect on basal metabolic rate
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Physical Activity
most variable component of total energy expenditure for any given person
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Measure energy input and output.
kilocalorie is used to:
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Increased energy needs.
An overactive thyroid causes:
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Butter
highest energy value per unit of weight:
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To act as an antioxidant.
one of the functions of vitamins
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Catalysts
Enzymes and coenzymes control specific chemical reactions by acting as
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In the blood-clotting process.
The earliest discovered function of vitamin K is
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Vitamin B12
Cobalamin is the chemical name for which vitamin
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Green peppers, strawberries, and oranges.
When an increase of Vitamin C is needed, you would need to eat:
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Functional food
A food with added nutrients through fortification or enrichment is considered
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Thiamin
Beriberi is the deficiency disorder that is associated with which vitamin?
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____ out of 118 in the periodic table are essential to human life
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Chloride
a major mineral:
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Fluoride
a trace element:
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Sodium
most plentiful mineral in the body
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Relative amounts in the body.
Minerals are classified according to their
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Calcium
Which mineral has the following functions: blood clotting, muscle and nerve action, and bone and teeth formation?
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Fluoridation of the public water supply in very small amounts helps to prevent dental caries.
A known function of fluoride in human nutrition is dental health. Which of the following statements correctly describes this relation?