Digestion, Absorption, Transportation and Metabolism
food being broken down into simpler substances, what are the 4 main steps in this process?
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digestion
Chemical and mechanical process of food being broken down in the GI tract to release nutrients in forms that the body can use and absorb
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absorption
The process by which nutrients are taken into the cells that line the GI tract
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transport
The movement of nutrients through the circulatory system from one area of the body to another
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metabolism
The sum of the vast number of chemical changes in the cell that ultimately produce the materials that are essential for energy, tissue building and metabolic controls
two types of digestion that occurs before absorption can proceed
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Chyme
After food has gone through the digestion process in the mouth and esophagus, and enters the stomach, it turns in a semiliquid acid/ food mic called _______
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Wave-like contractions that either move food through the digestive track or mixing action which helps mix food with digestive juices.
What is peristalsis?
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* Hydrochloric Acid & buffer ions - maintain pH * Enzymes - breakdown * Mucus - lubricates and protects * Water and electrolytes - assist in carrying * Bile - emulsifies fat
Gastrointestinal secretions work together to make chemical digestion possible what are the major types of secretions?
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Emulsifies fat into smaller pieces to expose more surface area for the action of fat splitting enzymes. Aids fat digestion and absorption
what does bile contain (small intestines)
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Mucus
______protects the lining of the stomach and intestines from strong acid.
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Pancreas, Gallbladder and Liver
3 accessory organs that assist the small intestine in the digestion process
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**Secretin** - controls acidity and secretion of enzymes from pancreas, keeps environment alkaline pH greater than 8 pancreatic enzymes can work
The hormones stimulates the pancreases to release secretions:
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Simple diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Active transport, Pinocytosis
types of absorption processes occur in the small intestine
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when molecules spread from an area of high to an area of low concentration
simple diffusion
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Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
facilitated diffusion
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the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.
active transport
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the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane.
pinocytosis
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**Water:** main absorptive task of large intestine is to absorb water; small amount remains in feces
**Dietary fiber**: contributes important bulk to help form feces
**Nutrients**: absorbed through lymph or blood
primary function of the large intestine in regards to the absorption process
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**Calorie**: Energy in food and energy expanded in physical activity
**Kilocalorie**: (1000 calories) used by nutritional scientists
**Joule**: International Unit.
unit of measurement is used when referring to the amount of energy in a food:
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REE - resting energy expenditure
Basal energy expenditure - sum of internal activity at total rest
the body is at complete rest, it is still using energy to maintain life - the amount of energy the body needs to maintain life, while at this rest is called…
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thermic effect of food
estimate of the energy required to process the food you eat
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Glycogen
stored energy the body uses first
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Muscle mass
energy is the last to be utilized after all other sources have been depleted
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Weight gain (extreme \= obesity)
food intake is greater than your energy output
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weight loss ( extreme \= anorexia)
energy output is greater than your food intake
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**Glycogen**: 12 - 24 hour reserve in liver, muscle, quickly depleted if not replenished
**Adipose tissue**: Varies by individual, most concentrated/ efficient form of energy
**Muscle mass**: used during long period of fasting or starvation
Sources of stored energy
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metabolism, normal body function, regulation of body temperature and tissue growth and repair
energy output
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determined by 1) basal energy expenditure, Physical activity and thermic effect of food
total energy demands
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body energy output
food energy intake \=
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A vital organic substance that is not a macronutrient that is necessary to perform a specific metabolic function or to prevent a deficiency disease. The body cannot manufacture it in sufficient quantities so diet must provide it.
For something to be classified as a vitamin, what must it do?
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Aids vision, growth, tissue strength, and immunity
Function of Vitamin A (Retinol)
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Fish liver oil, liver, egg yolks, butter cream, dark green leafy vegetables, dark orange vegetables and fruit
Sources of Vitamin A (retinol)
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compromised vision, growth, reproduction, immune system and epithelial tissue
Deficiency of Vitamin A (retinol)
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Blood clotting and bone development
Function of: Vitamin K
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Green leafy vegetables
Sources of Vitamin K
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Primary deficiency uncommon; may be secondary to another clinical condition. infants routinely receive vitamin K injections at birth to prevent hemorrhaging
Deficiency of Vitamin K
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Connective tissue, general body metabolism, antioxidant function
Function of: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
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citrus fruit, bell peppers, kiwi, berries, broccoli, tomato juice, other green and yellow vegetables
Sources of Vitamin C
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Tissue bleeding joint bleeding, susceptibility to bone fracture, poor wound healing, bleeding gums and tooth loss, scurvy
Deficiency of Vitamin C
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DNA synthesis, cell division, glycine synthesis reduction of blood homocysteine concentration, gene expression
due to poor absorption; age, fatigue, nausea and anorexia, hematologic, neurologic and digestive manifestation is advanced cases
Deficiency of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
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Thiamin (B1)
alcoholics at risk to be deficient in:
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phytochemicals
Bioactive plant compounds found in fruits, vegetables, grains and other plant foods
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product (other than tabaco) that has following characteristics
* Intended to supplement diet * Contain 1 or more dietary ingredient (vitamins, minerals, herbs) * Intended to be take PO - pill, capsule, tab, liquid * Labeled as being dietary supplement
nutrient supplementation? & What does it contain?
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* pregnancy + Lactation = increase demand, reduces neural tube defect (folic acid) * Infants, Children, adolescents = Vitamin D * Older adults = Vitamin D and B12
groups of people are recommended for nutrient supplementation
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7 major minerals
How many major minerals are there?
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There is ___ trace minerals
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Calcium
mineral found in the human body
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Bone & tooth formation, blood clotting and muscle and nerve action, metabolic reaction
Function of: Calcium
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Milk and milk products, Green vegetables, fish with bones, and fortified food
Sources of Calcium
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hypocalcemia & osteoporosis
Deficiency of Calcium
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function: Water balance, muscle action, nutrient absorption