BIOL Lecture Notes Ch. 1, 3, 4

Anatomy

structure

Gross Anatomy

visual inspection

systemic

emphasizes function, study of body parts related by organ systems

regional

study of body parts related by areas

surface

study of body parts by external features

anatomic imaging

study of boy parts by x-rays, ultrasound, CT scan, MRI

cytology

study of cells

histology

study of tissues

physiology

function, predict how the body responds to a stimulus

systemic physiology

how organs work together

cellular physiology

how cell functions

organization of the body

chemical (molecular level)

organelles

cells

tissues

organs

organ systems

organism

chemicals (molecular level)

atoms bonded together into specific patterns: molecules

Ex: proteins, fats

organelles

“little organ”

the microscopic “organs” within cells

Ex: nucleus, ribosome

cells

the basic unit of life

Ex: sperm, skin, liver

tissues

groups of cells with similar structure and function forming various “building materials” of the body

Ex: smooth muscle, nervous, connective

organs

groups of tissues which form a structure with specific functions

Ex: kidneys (filter the blood), heart (pump blood)

organ system

groups of organs cooperating in related functions

Ex: digestive system

organism

everything that makes up a body

homeostasis

maintenance of a stable environment within the body around an ideal “normal range” or “set point”

stimulus

an imbalance that pushes a variable away from its set point

low blood glucose

digestive system releases stored glucose

excess carbon dioxide

respiratory system increases breathing

low blood pressure

cardiovascular system increases heart rate

excess acid or base

urinary system excretes excess

exception

reproductive

homeostasis of species, not the individual

significant disruption of homeostasis

illness

feedback systems

system in which information is constantly reported to a control center, which initiates appropriate adjustments

Components of feedback systems

receptor

relay to control center

control center

relay to effector

effector

role of the nervous system/endocrine system

it receives information regarding the stimulus (stress)

it acts as “control center,” evaluating incoming information

it initiates appropriate messages to deal with the stimulus

Two control centers

Nervous system and endocrine system

Negative feedback systems

Response reverse his stress example a drop in body temperature or a drop in blood pressure

Positive feedback systems

Are usually unhealthy response increases stress, Example birth

Organization

Parts interact to perform specific functions

Responsiveness

Sense changes and environment and make adjustment

development

Changes in organism as it undergoes through time

Metabolism

Some of all chemical reactions in the body

Growth

Increases in size or number

Reproduction

Formation of new cells or new organisms

Plasma/cell membrane

Outer shell that protects selective permeability

Cytoplasm

viscous or thick material jelly like mostly water

Nucleus

Control center, contains DNA genetic Information

Nuclear envelope

Regulate movement of material materials in/out of nucleus

Ribosomes

Produce proteins, site of protein synthesis

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Studied with proteins, transport channels, protein, synthesis, and transport

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Lipid transport channels

Golgi apparatus

Packaging and distribution of proteins and lipids

Secretory vesicles

Membrane bound sack that transports materials to cell surface for secretion

Lysosomes

Pinch off Golgi Apparatus contain digestive enzymes

Mitochondria

Power plants, produce ATP

Cilia

Hair like extensions off a plasma membrane, pushes things along the way, sweeping Example, uterus, mucus membranes

Protein synthesis

Gene expression

Protein

Large molecules, composed of amino acids in a specific sequence, The information necessary for the amino acid sequence of all proteins is stored in the DNA in the nucleus

Functions of proteins

Structural proteins such as collagen, muscle proteins

Hormones, antibodies, blood, clotting, proteins, etc.

Enzymes which speed up specific chemical reactions and are essential for all cellular processes, which are controlled by the cell producing or not producing specific enzymes

DNA (chromosomes)

Huge molecules composed of subunits called nucleotides, Nucleotides code for amino acids and specific sequence, one gene a series of nucleotides of DNA which code for one protein

Nucleotides

Basic structural unit of DNA

Transcription

DNA to mRNA occurs in the nucleus

Translation

mRNA to amino acid sequence to a protein

Occurs on the ribosome and result in a protein and translation amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNA

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

cells energy source

Cellular energy is produced by

Mitochondria

Mitosis/cell division

One diploid cell (23 pairs of chromosomes) Divides forming two diploid cells

Chromosomes of original cell replicates and cell divides into two daughter cells. Daughter cells are genetically identical to original cell.

Cells involved in mitosis

All mature cells, except neurons and some muscle cells

Phospholipid bilayer

Lipid soluble tails And water soluble heads

Carbohydrate chains

Provide surface markers to identify cells as part of self

Cholesterol molecules

Strengthen membrane

Receptor proteins

Enable cell two cents in response to its environment

Selective permeability

Ability to let certain materials in and out of cell while preventing others

Lipid solubility

Lipids pass through membrane easily because it dissolves, the plasma membrane is oily

Molecular size

Small water soluble molecules passed through membrane channels because large molecules are too big to pass through

Leak channels

Channels that are always open

Gated channel

Channels, which can open her clothes

Passive processes

Does not require ATP energy

Simple diffusion

Movement molecules from high concentration to low concentration

Carrier mediator transport

Some molecules require specific membrane proteins, which enable these molecules to pass through example glucose molecules

Facilitated diffusion

Diffusion of molecules from high concentration to low across the cell membrane using a carrier protein

Active transport

Transport across the cell membrane, low concentration to high requiring ATP and a carrier

Endocytosis

Pinocytosis-cell drinks and fluid containing dissolved molecules

Phagocytosis

Cell eating the cell engulfs, large particles or other cells

Exocytosis

Spitting it out, export material materials from cell

Hydrogen

H+

Chloride

Cl-

Sodium

Na+

Potassium

K+

Tissues

Group of cells plus their extra cellular material specialized for specific functions

Epithelial tissue

Protect, secret, absorb

Lining and glands

Connective tissue

Supports, bins, pads

Bone, cartilage

Muscle tissue

Contracts to cause movement

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Nervous tissue

Transmits electrical messages

Brain, spinal cord, neurons

Epithelial tissue Characteristics

Closely pack Cells, little extracellular material, often found on free surfaces, sticks to basement membrane, not penetrated by blood vessels, penetrated by nerves, rapid growth, and turnover, classified by cell shape and number of layers of cells

Classification of lining epithelial tissue

Number of layers

Single layer is simple several layers stratified

Shape of cells

Flat is squamous cube is cuboidal tall is columnar

Simple epithelial lining

Simple squamous epithelium

Function rapid diffusion

Example, air sacks of Lungs

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Function is secretion and absorption

Example, kidney tubules

Simple columnar epithelium

Function is secretion and absorption

Example lining of stomach, uterine tubes

Goblet cells

Produce mucus

Pseudostratified epithelium ciliated

Function is to move mucus

Example lining of trachea and bronchi

Stratified squamous, epithelium, moist, non-keratinized

Function is to protect

Example, oral cavity lining, esophagus

Stratified, squamous, epithelial, dry, keratinized

Function to protect

Example skin

Keratinized

Waterproofing protein

Transitional epithelium

Function is to stretch and protect

Example urinary bladder

Distended

Stretched