Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1

anatomy

the study of the structure of an organism

physiology

the study of how that organism’s body functions

cell

smallest unit of all living things

tissue

collection of similar cells with a common function

organ

made of two or more types of tissues

organ system

group of organs working toward a common goal

organism

highest level of structural organization for an individual

skeletal system

provides support and protection, gives the body shape; (bones, ligaments, cartilage, joints)

nervous system

detects impulses from the senses and is the control center; (brain, spinal cord, senses, nerves)

circulatory system

transports nutrients and gases around the body; (heart, blood vessels, blood)

respiratory system

exchanges gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide; (lungs, sinuses, diaphragm)

digestive system

breaks down and absorbs food; (mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder)

muscular system

provides movement for all parts of the body; (skeletal and smooth muscles)

integumentary system

protects the body, regulates temperature, and prevents water loss; (skin, hair, and nails)

lymphatic system

fights infection and provides fluid for all cells; (spleen, thymus gland, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes)

excretory system

removes waste from the blood; (kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra)

endocrine system

secretes hormones; (glands: hypothalamus, pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, and testes)

reproductive system

produces cells used in reproduction; (ovaries, uterus, testes, prostate gland)

Maintaining Boundaries

let substances in and keep others out (ex: skin protects, absorbs, and keeps in water, while preventing pathogen entry)

Movement

internal movement and ability to move through surroundings

Responsiveness

sensing and reacting to changes in environment

Digestion

breaking down and absorbing nutrients

Metabolism

building larger molecules from small ones (anabolism) and breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones (catabolism)

Excretion

removal of wastes (ex: urine, sweat)

Reproduction

production of offspring

Growth

increase in cell size or overall body size

Survival Needs

Nutrients (digestion and metabolism), Oxygen (heart and lungs), Normal Body Temperature (skin, blood, and muscles), Water (allows molecules to move through the body), Normal Atmospheric Temperature (provides appropriate gas exchange between lungs and environment)

anatomical position

body is straight with feet slightly apart and thumbs pointed away from the body

proximal

closer to the center of the body (or trunk), or closer to the point where a limb attaches

distal

away from center of the body (or trunk), or farther from the point where a limb attaches

lateral

away from midline of the body

medial

towards the midline of the body

superior

located above or toward the head of the body

inferior

located below or closer to the feet of the body

anterior

towards the front of the body

posterior

towards the back of the body

deep

more internal or away from the surface of the body

superficial

towards the surface

abdominal

Which of the body cavities contains the stomach and intestines?

transverse plane

splits the top and bottom half of the body

frontal (coronal) plane

splits the front and back half of the body

Medial (midsagittal) plane

splits the left and right sides of the body

lateral

The right shoulder is ______ to the sternum?

superior

The cranial cavity is _____ to the thoracic cavity?

organ

Groups of different tissues working together to perform a particular job

proximal

Your elbow is _____ to your wrist?

superior/inferior

The transverse plane separates the body into

tissue

Groups of similar types of cells that work together to carry out a specific task

pelvic

Which of the body cavities contain the bladder and reproductive organs?

thoracic

Which of the body cavities contains the lungs and heart?

spinal

Which of the body cavities is a long, continuous cavity located on the back of the body?

inferior

The pelvic cavity is ____ to the abdominal cavity?

contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and is located towards the front of the body

The ventral body cavity contains which two other cavities and is located where?

distal

Your phalanges (finger bones) are ____ to your wrist?

cranial

Which of the body cavities contains the brain?

frontal (coronal) plane

Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior?

superficial

Your calf muscle is ______ to your tibia (shin bone)?

organ system

Groups of different organs working together to complete a series of tasks

deep

Your heart is ____ to sternum (breast bone)?

medial

Your pericardial cavity is ____ to your pleural cavity?

body cavities

spaces within the body that contain and protect vital organs

lateral

Your thumb is _____ to your pinky?

posterior

Your spinal cavity is ____ to your thoracic cavity?

cardiac muscle cell, muscle tissue, heart, cardiovascular system, giraffe

Put the following levels of organization in order from smallest (1) to largest (5): heart, cardiac muscle cell, giraffe, cardiovascular system, muscle tissue

lymphatic/immune

Which system of the body is responsible for protecting you from infection and recycling cellular fluids?

Maintaining Boundaries

Your little sister fell and scraped her knee.  What necessary function of life has been affected?

thoracic

What body cavity are the heart and lungs found in?

dorsal body cavity

encloses the brain and spinal cord; it is located on the posterior (back) side of the body (think dorsal fin)

meninges

membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord

visceral organs

consist of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity and are protected by the ventral body cavity

serosa

a double-layered membrane that lines the ventral body cavities

visceral serosa

inner layer of the serosa

parietal serosa

outer layer of the serosa

serous fluid

fluid between the parietal and visceral serosa layers

hypochondriac regions

the right and left of the top third section of the abdominal cavity

epigastric region

the tip middle section of the abdominal cavity

lumbar regions

the right and left side of the middle third section of the abdominal cavity

umbilical region

the very middle section of the abdominal cavity

iliac regions

the right and left sides of the bottom the abdominal cavity

hypogastric region

the middle section of the bottom third of the abdominal cavity