act as a brace when we hold our arms out, anchors muscles, and attaches to the sternum medially and the scapula laterally
3
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Scapula
attaches to the rib cage and vertebral column by the muscle, allows for more mobility and flexibility, and allows the arms to move laterally
4
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Cervical vertebrae
5
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True ribs
6
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False ribs
7
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Humerus
8
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Radius
9
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Ulna
10
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Sternum
11
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Ilium
12
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Sacrum
13
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Coxal
14
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Pubis
15
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Coccyx
16
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Pubic arch
17
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Ischium
18
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Carpals
19
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Metacarpals
20
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Phalanges
21
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Femur
22
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Patella
23
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Tibia
24
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Fibula
25
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Tarsals
26
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Metatarsals
27
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Axil skeleton
center of the body
28
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Appendicular skeleton
appendages
29
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Calcaneus bone
30
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Talus bone
31
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Zygomatic bone
32
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Parietal bones
33
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Ethmoid bone
34
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Lacrimal bone
35
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Nasal bones
36
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Frontal bones
37
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Maxillary bones
38
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Occipital bones
39
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Mandible
40
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Temporal bones
41
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Thoracic vertebrae
42
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Lumbar vertebrae
43
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Sacral vertebrae
44
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Cartilage
flexible connective tissue
45
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Ligaments
short bands of tough, yet flexible, dense connective tissue that can connect 2 bones and stabilize joints
46
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Tendons
Cords of dense connective tissue, connect muscle to bone
47
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Joints
articulations or junctions between 2 or more bones and include all other components, aid in movement and flexibility
48
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Thumb
is opposable, has a special joint with metacarpal 1 and 2 phalanges
49
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Pelvic girdle
50
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Pectoral girdle
51
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Thoracic cage
52
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Proximal epiphysis
53
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Spongy bone
small needle-like pieces of bone and open space, in most bones, makes blood cells and stores fat, lessens bone weight
54
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Epiphyseal line
where the plate used to be once it is fused by osseous tissue, in adults after growth is finished
55
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Periosteum
fibrous connective tissue, covers shaft of long bones
56
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Compact bone
dense, smooth, and homogeneous, in all bones, hard external layer of bones, surrounds the medullary cavity, provides protection and strength
57
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Medullary cavity
full of yellow marrow, cavity in the shaft of a long bone, stores adipose tissue
58
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Diaphysis
made entirely of compact bone
59
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Distal epiphysis
60
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Endosteum
membrane lining the inner surface of the long bone bony wall, helps bones grow, repair, and remodel
61
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Yellow bone marrow
inner cavity of long bones, made of adipose tissue, in children forms blood cells
62
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Perforating (sharpey's) fibers
63
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Nutrient arteries
narrow cavity of long bones through nutrient canals, forms the central arteries
64
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Articular cartilage
covers the epiphyses of long bones, made of glassy hyaline cartilage, provides a smooth surface that decreases friction at joints
65
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Epiphyses
ends of long bones, a thin layer of compact bone, encloses spongy bone, allows long bone to move in joints
66
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Diaphysis
the shaft on the of the bone that makes up the majority of the long bones
67
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Red bone marrow
in cavities in spongy bone of flat bones and epiphyses of some long bones, contain blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets
68
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Nerves in the bone
found along blood vessels, in periosteum, volkmann's canals, marrow, osteochondral, growth plate, and synovial membrane, connection to the nervous system, spatial orientation pain temperature and painful stimuli
69
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Organic matrix
gives the bones strength and flexibility, calcium and collagen
70
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Nutrient route through a bone
periosteum, osteon, central canal, lamellae, lacum, osteocyte
71
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Canaliculi
72
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Central canal
73
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Lacuna
74
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Phalanges (T)
75
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Connective tissue
the majority is bone (osseous) tissue but cartilage and dense connective tissue cover the bone’s external surface
76
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Nervous tissue
tissue in bone, has nerves
77
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Epithelial tissue
in the bone blood vessels, provides nourishment
78
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Muscle tissue
skeletal muscle tissue, attached to the bone
79
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Skeleton
a framework holding up the entire body, protects the most vital organs, bones used as levers to produce movements, stores minerals and energy, forms hormones and blood cells
80
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Hematopoiesis
blood cell formation, occurs in the red bone marrow of certain bones
81
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Nutrients in bones
calcium and phosphate (released into the blood when needed), energy stored in the form of fat in yellow bone marrow
82
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Long bones
longer than they are wide, tend to have a long shaft with either end being a bit wider, arm bones, hand bones, leg bones, and footbones
83
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Short bones
more cube-shaped, tend to be as wide as they are long, provide support and stability with little movement, carpals and tarsals
84
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sesamoid bone
a type of short bone, patella, a special type of short bone, means to be shaped like a sesame seed, embedded within tendons
85
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Flat bones
thin and flat, often with a little curve, have a large surface area for attaching to muscles, sternum, shoulder blades, ribs, and cranial bones
86
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Irregular bones
every other bone, have a highly specialized shape and structure, coxal and vertebrae
87
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Structure of bone
dense and smooth layer of compact (cortical) bone tissue on the outside surrounding the more porous spongy bone tissue on the inside, bones usually have distinct markings due to ligaments and muscles
88
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Compact bone
made up of osteons, lamella with tiny slats and collagen, and haversian canals
89
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Osteons
the basic structural unit, long cylinders that act as tiny weight-bearing pillars in the bone
90
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Lamella
hollow tubes grouped together to make compact bone, filled with tiny salts and collagen fibers that allow the bone to resist torsion and stress, the salt is hard, the collagen is rubbery and durable
91
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Haversian canal
runs through the middle of each osteon and contains small blood vessels for nourishment and nerve fibers for signaling
92
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Spongy bone
less organized than compact bone, no osteons, have trabeculae
93
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Trabeculae
in spongey bone, tiny bone struts that are key for helping the bone to resist stress: also where bone marrow is
94
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Projections
a type of bone marking, where muscles and ligaments attach
95
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Surfaces
a type of bone marking, forms joints
96
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Depressions and openings
a bone marking, for blood vessels and nerves to run through
97
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Osteocytes
maintain healthy bone structure, housed in the lacunae- gaps between the lamellae, monitor and maintain quality in response to stimuli
98
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Osteoblasts
build and construct bones by calcifying bone as it forms
99
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Osteoclasts
critical in the regeneration of the bone through bone remodeling by absorbing bone tissue wherever it is not needed or is degenerating
100
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Ossification (osteogenesis)
the process of bone tissue formation, the key to forming your skeleton as an embryo, essential for bone growth from childhood up to early adulthood, used for bone remodeling and repair later in life, articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates don't go through this