Untitled Flashcards Set

Genotype

A person’s complete set of genes.

Phenotype

Observable features that result from the interaction between a person’s genes and the environment.

Germ disc

Small cluster of cells in the center of the zygote.

Placenta

Cells closest to the uterus that become the placenta.

Zygote

The fertilized egg.

Embryo

The stage from week 3 to 8, which has the amniotic sack and umbilical cord.

Fetus

The stage where essential life systems finish developing and experiences taste and hears sounds.

Amniotic fluid

Fluid that cushions the embryo and provides a constant temperature.

Age of viability

22-28 weeks after conception, indicating a chance of survival if born prematurely.

Risk factors

Factors such as inadequate nutrition, stress, and age of the pregnant women.

Teratogens

An agent that causes abnormal prenatal development.

Prenatal diagnosis

Ultrasounds and chorionic villus sampling used to detect genetic disorders.

Stages of labor

1st Stage: Dilated Cervix, uterus contracts; 2nd Stage: Head crowns, baby comes out; 3rd Stage: Detached placenta.

Childbirth approaches

Natural childbirth and medical procedures or medication.

Premature birth

When babies are born before the 36th week, usually resolving developmental delays by age 2-3.

Low birth weight

Usually a result of mothers’ alcohol consumption or poor nutrition.

Birth complications

Issues such as Cephalopelvic disproportion, Irregular position, Preeclampsia, and Prolapsed umbilical cord.

In vitro fertilization

A medical procedure to help couples conceive when they cannot do it naturally.

Infant mortality rate

Percentage of infants who die before their 1st birthday.

Eugenics

The attempt to alter human genetics to improve someone.

Reflexes

Includes Babinski, Blink, Moro, Palmar, Rooting, Stepping, Sucking, Withdrawal.

Apgar Test

A test that assesses a newborn's health immediately after birth.

Swaddling

Wrapping a baby in a blanket to restrict their movement.

Newborn states – alert inactivity

Calm with eyes open, taking in the environment.

Newborn states – waking activity

Eyes are open and unfocused with bursts of uncoordinated motion.

Newborn states – sleeping

Eyes closed; may breathe regularly or gently move.

Crying types

Basic cry: soft to intense; Mad cry: intense variation; Pain cry: sudden burst followed by pause.

REM sleep

Half of a newborn's sleep is irregular/rapid-eye movement.

Sudden infant death syndrome

Sudden death of an apparently healthy baby.

Temperament

A consistent style or pattern of behavior.

Malnourished

One in four children worldwide under the age of five is malnourished.

Breastfeeding benefits

Breast milk is the best way to ensure proper nourishment.

Neuron

Cells that make up the brain.

Myelin

A substance that axons begin to acquire around seven months after conception.

Synaptic pruning

The process where only active synapses remain.

Motor skills

Different muscle movements such as sitting up, walking, grabbing.

Locomote

Locomotor skills improve rapidly in the 15 months after birth.

Fine motor skills

Skills that involve coordinating the movement of individual fingers.

Perception

How the brain perceives, selects, modifies, and organizes impulses.

Theory of mind

The innate understanding of the relationships between mind and behavior.

Schemes

Psychological structures that organize experience.

Assimilation

Incorporating new experiences into an existing schema.

Accommodation

Modifying schemes based on new experiences.

Equilibrium

Replacing outmoded ways of thinking with advanced schemes.

Sensorimotor period

The developmental stage from birth to 2 years.

Preoperational thinking

Includes egocentrism, centration, and appearance as reality.

Object permanence

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when not seen.

Mental hardware

Built-in mental and neural structures that allow the mind to operate.

Mental software

Mental programs that are the basis for performing tasks.

Attention

Processes determining which information is processed further.

Autobiographical memory

People’s memory of the experiences/events of their own lives.

Zone of proximal development

A certain time frame to teach a child a specific skill.

Scaffolding

Teacher gradually reduces direction as children progress.

Private speech

Comments children give themselves to regulate their own behavior.

Phonemes

Unique sounds used to create words.

Infant-directed speech

Speech in which adults speak slowly with exaggerated pitch changes.

Crying, cooing, babbling

Babbling are speech-like sounds that emerge after cooing.

Fast mapping

Quick connections made between words and meanings by children.

Telegraphic speech

Includes only words directly relevant to meaning.

Overregularization

Applying grammatical rules to exceptions.

Trust and mistrust

Balance leads to hope in infants, openness to experience while recognizing danger.

Autonomy and shame/doubt

Child understands control of actions, which counters doubt and shame.

Attachment

Close socioemotional relationship with an adult, crucial for survival.

Secure attachment

Child does not cry when separated, but seeks proximity upon return.

Resistant attachment

Child is upset upon separation and difficult to console upon return.

Disorganized attachment

Child shows confusion and contradicting behaviors towards caregiver.

Basic emotions

Universal emotions experienced worldwide involving subjective feelings and behaviors.

Stranger wariness

Emerges at around six months, indicating fear.

Social referencing

Infants look to parents for cues on interpreting situations.

Emotional regulation

The ability to manage and respond to emotional experiences.

Solitary play

Activities like coloring or doing puzzles alone.

Parallel play

Children play alone but are interested in others' activities.

Cooperative play

Play with a distinct theme and assigned roles.

Enabling exchange

Typically used by girls to support interaction.

Constricting exchange

Typically used by boys to foster competition.

Prosocial behavior

Behavior that benefits another person.

Social roles

Behaviors, rights, and obligations associated with a societal status.

Gender stereotype

Generalized views about attributes or characteristics of genders.

Relational aggression

Harming others by damaging their peer relationships.

Gender identity

An individual's personal experience of their gender.