Medieval Embalmers/English Undertakers

Leonardo Da Vinci

Who developed a system of venous injection?

William Harvey, English physician

Who discovered the circulation of blood?

Marcello Malpighi, Italian physiologist

Who was the Father of Histology and discovered capillary circulation?

Gabriel Clauderus, German physician

Who wrote the first how-to book for arterial embalming?

William Hunter, Brave Scottsman

Who was the first to use arterial injection for burial purposes and was the originator of Injection Methal?

Jean Nicholas Gannal, Frenchman

Who wrote The History of Embalming textbook and made embalming available to the public?

Richard Harlan

Who translated The History of Embalming textbook to English?

Red and blue

What colors in the poles outside Barber shops represented bloodletting?

In or about

What does em- mean?

Resinous substance

What does -balm mean?

Early 1400s, 1600s

When did the word ‘undertaker’ first appear? When did it become part of funeral service?

The herald

Who supervised funerals?

The undertaker

Who provided some type of funeral paraphernalia?

The underwriter

Who provided financial backing for an enterprise (funeral)?

Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch microscopist

Who was the Father of Bacteriology and was the first to manufacture the microscope for commercial use?

Gabriel Clauderus

Who utilized a chemical called “Balsomic Spirit”?

1 pound cream of tartar dissolved in 6 pounds water with ½ pound salt ammonia

What was “Balsomic Spirit” composed of?

Frederik Ruysch, German professor

Who was the first to use arterial embalming and developed an injection from mercuric sulfide?

Frederik Ruysch

Who was the Father of Embalming and used the Y incision?

William Hunter

Who advocated the use of the femoral artery for his point of injection?

John Hunter

Who defined the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

Inguinal ligament

Superior boundary of femoral triangle.

Adductor longus muscle

Medial boundary of femoral triangle.

Sartorius muscle

Lateral boundary of femoral triangle.

Feudal funerals

What were elaborate funerals called?

Yards of black drapery for chief room and staircase, elaborate mourning bed, funeral carriages, velvet pall, hearse with hatchment, mourning clothes, mourning gifts

What did feudal funerals include?

Panel that displayed the deceased’s arms

Describe the purpose of the hatchment on a hearse.

Friendly Societies

Descendants of earlier Leagues of Prayer and burial guilds that continued to arrange for the burial of the lower class.

Grinning skulls, shroud clad corpses, thigh bones, hearses

What were some of the decorative details of the handbills of undertakers?

Edwin Chadwick and Poor Law Commissioners

Who investigated the conditions in which urban English workers lived, worked, and died?

All cemeteries municipalized, all trading cemeteries abolished, religious rites simplified and standardized, certificate of death, intramural burial abolished, National Cemetery abolished

What were Chadwick’s recommendations?

Balsamic mecurial unguent

Two centuries before, cavity injection with compounds of metallic salts were used. What was this solution known as?

Girolamo Segato

Who turned the human body to stone by injecting tissues with a solution of silicate of potash?

William Harvey

Who injected colored solutions?

Barbers and Reducers

Barbers of monasteries.

Shaved heads, bloodletting 5 times a year

Describe what barber-surgeons did for monks.

Surgeons of the Short Robe

Trade of the barber-surgeons.

Ambrose Pare

Who was the father of modern surgery and elevated the prestige of the barber-surgeons?

Surgeons of the Long Robe

Pare’s actions were to the detriment of what group?

Fraternity of Barbers

When a brother dies, all brethren attend vigil, mass of funeral, and mass one month after.

17th century

By what century did barber-surgeons obtain a formal decree that only they had the right to open, seare, and imbalm the corpse?

Removed heart and brain, deep incisions along arms and thighs, washed with aqua vitae and strong vinegars, spices stuffed in, sewn up, anointed, strewed with aromatic powders, wrapped

Describe the embalming process of the 15th century.

Lychweake (death watch)

In the 13th century, the Church controlled all aspects of burial except for what that involved sitting up with the dead while eating and drinking?

Wide range of funerary goods, protection of corpse

What did undertaker advertising emphasize?

Stage manager, created appropriate atmospheres of mourning

The undertaker also took on a “dramatic role.”

Widow’s mite

A very small monetary contribution by a poor person.

Clergy

Who demanded funeral simplicity in the name of religion?

Sanitarians

Who demanded funeral simplicity in the name of sanitation due to intramural burial?

Friendly Societies

What were the forerunners of modern industrial insurance?

Sanitization movement

What is partly responsible for the increase in cremation?

Black Master

Carriage master.