10. Immune System

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note: this section relates more closely to my biology notes!!

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Immune System

overall role is to

protect the body from foreign invaders

( ex. bacteria, viruses, fungi )

<p><span style="color: blue"><strong>protect</strong></span> the <strong>body</strong> from <span style="color: blue"><strong>foreign invaders </strong></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><sub>( ex. bacteria, viruses, fungi )</sub></span></p>
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2 Defense Types of the Immune System?

  • Innate Defense System

  • Adaptive Defense System

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Innate Defense System

specific?

non-specific?

non-specific

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Innate Defense System

is the body’s _______ line of defense against infection

first line of defense

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Innate Defense System

includes ______ and ______ barriers

Innate Defense System

includes physical and chemical barriers

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Innate Defense System

physical examples?

  • skin

  • mucous membranes

<ul><li><p><strong>skin </strong></p></li><li><p><strong>mucous membranes</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Innate Defense System

chemical examples?

  • stomach acid

  • enzymes

<ul><li><p><strong>stomach acid</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>enzymes</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Innate Defense System

what is it’s first response?

Inflammatory Response

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Inflammatory Response

what chemical gets released?

Histamine

<p><strong>Histamine </strong></p>
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Histamine

causes

blood vessels to dilate

<p><strong>blood vessels</strong> to <span style="color: blue"><strong>dilate</strong></span></p><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXfqcqq6adJeMmDzOehhkRqg1Ib61LRUMaLvVlc0l550gdO_gD0dbm2r-0lv7vNRdARl8lw3revBvdvAOTfZI1iPo-EXPAInVuAVd44IpzgQIi7Dk0Ppx2Y4xk385aeGo1Sm_mDP0A?key=X-mcL7cF3rR3Ea-ljLhXOFRU" data-width="100%" data-align="center"><p></p>
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Blood Vessel Dilation

will ________ to the area of infection

increase blood flow to the area of infection

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what does increased blood flow allow?

more white blood cells to enter area of infection!

<p>more <span style="color: blue"><strong>white blood cells</strong></span> to <span style="color: green"><strong>enter </strong></span><strong>area of infection! </strong></p>
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Innate White Blood Cell Type

→ that goes to area of infection?

Phagocytes

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Phagocytes

will ______ and _______ the foreign invader

will engulf and digest the foreign invader

<p>will <span style="color: blue"><strong>engulf</strong></span> and <span style="color: blue"><strong>digest</strong></span> the <strong>foreign invader</strong></p><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXccFc5guDcCJgIR2x2f86v8YShpJWrGK_wlt5O4oz3U3oa-gjZho6RFnCe6OWPtSnXEwtvEzd_D4FSoChR1N2Im2pUZLrWo8ERFSvtMDhVZBINHD68T1umV03FEQCuDqVBDQrxkmg?key=X-mcL7cF3rR3Ea-ljLhXOFRU" data-width="100%" data-align="center"><p></p>
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Adaptive Defense System

specific?

non-specific?

specific

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Adaptive Defense System

is the body’s _______ line of defense against infection

second line of defense

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Adaptive Defense

______ and _______ foreign invaders

detects and destroys specific foreign invaders

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Adaptive Defense System

includes?

  • white blood cells

  • lymphatic system

<ul><li><p><strong>white blood cells</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>lymphatic system</strong></p></li></ul><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXc1S1dRwnEKI2LoYVDEHJl6sCyW2Qr_UZgOJdZmazofNj-91HsTFarAjdjHvyAgVX2pI8N6xNafE28cELIIyJgggeaiCKb7PWqcEUM7Z19NpCajzDV8izq8US9kwZth62HsRyriQA?key=X-mcL7cF3rR3Ea-ljLhXOFRU" data-width="25%" data-align="center"><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXebvFndAal9vm2b1RRcc2yoPApi2Hgy-6-6_gwKr03ElVZ9WMIKs2AC9rUDrpmFssHt96U2BBzUlB9IolIQVfsXeNp0Yf4K9cEWfWOMbGvhq14E3wfc77gYpY4yeiqZ_Lm63m5k?key=X-mcL7cF3rR3Ea-ljLhXOFRU" data-width="25%" data-align="center"><p></p>
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2 Types of Adaptive Immunity?

  • Cell Mediated Immunity

  • Humoral Immunity

<ul><li><p><span style="color: blue"><strong>Cell Mediated</strong></span><strong> Immunity</strong></p></li><li><p><span style="color: blue"><strong>Humoral</strong></span><strong> Immunity</strong> </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Cell Mediated Immunity

white blood cells involved?

T Cells

  • Helper T Cells

  • Cytotoxic ( Killer ) T Cells

<p><span style="color: blue"><strong>T Cells</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="color: green"><strong>Helper</strong></span><strong> T Cells</strong></p></li><li><p><span style="color: green"><strong>Cytotoxic ( Killer ) </strong></span><strong>T Cells</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p><span style="color: blue"><strong>Cell Mediated Immunity</strong></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><strong>Helper</strong></span><strong> T Cell</strong></p><p>job?</p>

Cell Mediated Immunity

Helper T Cell

job?

activate Cytotoxic ( Killer ) T Cells

<p><span style="color: green"><strong>activate</strong></span><span style="color: blue"><strong> Cytotoxic ( Killer ) T Cells</strong></span></p>
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Cytotoxic ( Killer ) T Cell target

infected body cells

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Cytotoxic T Cell

will cause targets to do

apoptosis

( programmed cell death )

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Humoral Immunity

white blood cells involved?

B Cells

+ Helper T Cells

<p><span style="color: blue"><strong>B Cells</strong></span></p><p><span style="color: #000000"><strong>+</strong></span><span style="color: green"><strong> Helper</strong></span><strong> T Cells</strong></p><p></p>
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<p><span style="color: blue"><strong>Humoral Immunity </strong></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><strong>Helper</strong></span><strong> T Cell</strong></p><p>job?</p>

Humoral Immunity

Helper T Cell

job?

activate B Cells

<p><span style="color: green"><strong>activate</strong></span><span style="color: blue"><strong> B Cells </strong></span></p><p></p>
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Plasma B Cells

will release

antibodies

<p><strong>antibodies </strong></p>
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<p><u>memory tip</u></p><p><strong>anti</strong><span style="color: blue"><strong>bodies</strong></span><strong> </strong>are from our <span style="color: blue"><strong>bodies!</strong></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><strong>antigens</strong> are not!</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">= both are <u>proteins!</u></span></p>

memory tip

antibodies are from our bodies!

antigens are not!

= both are proteins!

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Antigens

are

unique protien “markers” on

surface of pathogens

<p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><strong>unique protien</strong></span><span style="color: blue"><strong> “markers” </strong></span>on</p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><strong>surface</strong></span> of <span style="color: blue"><strong>pathogens </strong></span></p>
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what happens when our body detects antigens?

triggers immune response

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Antigen-Presenting Cells

will ______ and ______ the antigen

will engulf and display the antigen ( on their surface )

<p>will <span style="color: blue"><strong>engulf</strong></span> and <span style="color: blue"><strong>display</strong></span><strong> the antigen</strong><span style="color: green"><strong> ( on their surface )</strong></span></p><p></p>
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Main Antigen-Presenting Cells?

  • Macrophages

    ( eat to destroy )

  • Dendritic Cells

    ( eat to show )

  • B Cells

<ul><li><p><span style="color: blue"><strong>Macrophages</strong></span></p><p>( eat to destroy )</p></li><li><p><span style="color: blue"><strong>Dendritic Cells</strong></span></p><p>( eat to show )</p></li><li><p><span style="color: blue"><strong>B Cells</strong></span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>Both</p><ul><li><p><strong>Macrophages</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Dendritic Cells</strong></p></li></ul><p>are a <span style="color: blue"><strong>TYPE</strong></span> of </p><p></p><p></p>

Both

  • Macrophages

  • Dendritic Cells

are a TYPE of

phagocyte

<p><strong>phagocyte</strong> </p>
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  • Macrophages

  • Dendritic Cells

  • B Cells

will display ______ antigens

MHC class II ( 2 ) Antigens

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<p><span style="color: blue"><strong>Another</strong></span><strong> Antigen-Presenting Cell?</strong></p>

Another Antigen-Presenting Cell?

Infected Body Cells

<p><strong>Infected Body Cells</strong></p>
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Infected Body Cells

will display ______ antigens

MHC class I ( 1 ) Antigens

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Antigen-Presenting Cells

help activate

Helper T Cells

*especially the dendritic cells!

<p><span style="color: blue"><strong>Helper</strong></span><strong> T Cells</strong></p><p><sub>*especially the </sub><span style="color: green"><strong><sub>dendritic cells!</sub></strong></span></p>
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<p><strong>how?</strong></p><p>Helper T Cells will ______ the <strong>antigen</strong> and become <span style="color: green"><strong>activated</strong></span></p>

how?

Helper T Cells will ______ the antigen and become activated

Helper T Cells will detect/recognize the antigen and become activated

<p>Helper T Cells will <span style="color: blue"><strong>detect/recognize </strong></span>the <strong>antigen</strong> and become <span style="color: green"><strong>activated</strong></span></p>
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<p><strong>antibodies </strong>will _____ the <strong>antigen</strong></p>

antibodies will _____ the antigen

antibodies will bind to the antigen

<p><strong>antibodies </strong>will <span style="color: blue"><strong>bind to </strong></span>the <strong>antigen </strong></p>
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<p>this <span style="color: blue"><strong>binding</strong></span> <strong>will</strong></p>

this binding will

  • block pathogens from doing further infection

  • tag pathogens

    ( so phagocytes know what to eat )

<ul><li><p><span style="color: red"><strong>block</strong></span> pathogens from<strong> doing further infection</strong></p><p></p></li><li><p><span style="color: blue"><strong>tag</strong></span> pathogens</p><p>( so phagocytes know what to eat )</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Cytokines

are

chemical messangers

→ communication !!

<p><strong>chemical messangers</strong></p><p><span style="color: blue"><strong>→ communication !!</strong></span></p><p></p>
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Cytokines

are what allows communication between

  • B Cells

  • T Cells

  • Infected Cells

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what helps remember the foreign invaders?

( for if they re-enter in the future)

  • Memory T-cells

  • Memory B-cells

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Memory Cells

will _______ the _______ foreign invaders

will remember the specific foreign invaders

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why?

so body can respond more quickly if the invader ever enters the body again

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2 types of immunity?

  • Passive Immunity

  • Active Immunity

<ul><li><p><span style="color: blue"><strong>Passive</strong></span><strong> Immunity</strong></p></li><li><p><span style="color: blue"><strong>Active</strong></span><strong> Immunity </strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Passive Immunity

is when someone ______ antibodies that’ve been __________

someone receives antibodies that’ve been made by another person

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Passive Immunity

example?

mothers passing antibodies to their child through breast milk

<p><strong>mothers</strong> passing antibodies to their <strong>child</strong> through <span style="color: blue"><strong>breast milk</strong></span></p>
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Active Immunity

is when body ____________ in response to ________

produces it’s OWN antibodies in response to infection

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<p></p><ul><li><p><strong>Passive Immunity</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Active Immunity</strong></p></li></ul><p>which one <span style="color: blue"><strong>lasts longer?</strong></span></p>

  • Passive Immunity

  • Active Immunity

which one lasts longer?

Active Immunity

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why?

  • at some point we’ll stop getting passive immunity

    ( from mother to child )

  • passive antibodies won’t survive in different body for long time

  • passive antibodies doesn’t stimulate the production of memory b and t cells

  • we’re always getting exposed to new antigens to build antibodies for ( active immunity )