ANS 120 A Exam 2

estrous cycle

all physiological and behavioral changes from one ovulation to the next consecutive ovulation

estrus

period of receptivity to be bred by the male

ovum

female gamete

follicle

ovum and all the cells that support the ovum developed in an ovary

ovulation

release of ovum from the follicle

gestation

prenatal development of an organism in uterus

parturition

birth process

oviposition

(avian or platypus and echnida) process of laying an egg

incubation

embryotic development outside body

bicornuate

type of reproductive tract typically seen in livestock, cats, and dogs

biocornuate reproductive system

- 2 ovaries
- 2 oviducts
- 2 uterine horns
- 1 uterine body
- 1 cervix
- Vagina

ovary exocrine function

production and release of ovum

ovary endocrine function

production and release of specific hormones

estrogen (E2)

hormone of estrus, prepare reproductive tract for potential gamete fertilization

E2 and T

both required for ovum development, involved with follice

corpus leteum

cells of follicle after ovulation, has progesterone (P4) which is the hormone of pregnancy

oviduct

transport of ovum and sperm, site of fertilization

oviduct nutrition

provides oviduct fluid which provides nutrients for embryo while in transport to uterus

uterus

transport of sperm from uterine body to oviduct by smooth muscle contractions, site of gestation including placental attachment

uterus nutrition

embryo nutrients (called uterine milk) until placental attachment embryotic tissues to uterine wall

uterine endocrine

several hormones

partuition process

uterus provides smooth muscle contractions

cervix function

protection of the uterine enviornment from pathogens and microorganisms

cervix is open during estrus

high amounts of mucus - provides lubrication of vagine, large amount of flow outward to decrease potential microorganisms from enterine, open during partuition

vagina reproductive function

semen deposition in most species (exception: swine - deposited in uterus)

placenta function

exchange of products between the dam and the offspring (nutrients, metabolic waste)

amnion

inner sac

chorio allentois sac

outer sac (water breaking)

fetus

an embryo attached to the uterine wall

diffuse attachment

placenta attaches throughout the uterus of dam (horse, pig)

zonary attachment

regional diffuse attachment. the attachment is diffuse, but only in a band or strip of the placenta to the uterus (dog, cat)

cotyledonary attachment

placenta attaches at specific sites on uterus (cow, sheep, goat)

discoid attachment

single disc shaped attachment (primates)

parturition stage 1

final prepatory - uterine contractions, cervical dilation, repositioning of fetus

parturition stage 2

delivery of fetus

parturition stage 3

removal of placenta

dystocia

difficulty in parturition process

causes of dystocia

birth weight, size of dam, condition of dam, malpresentation

avian reproductive tract

- 1 left ovary
- 1 left oviduct
- infudibulum
- magnum
- isthmus
- testes
- epididymus
- vas deferms
- accessory glands

avian ovary

yolk with ovum (energy, mineral, vitamins, some protein)

infundibulum

sperm nests

magnum

albumen added (protein) and support structure

isthmus

shell membrane is added

ferus/shell gland

shell formation/ polar salts - pigment cell: color of cloaca

testes exocrine function

gametes sperm

seminiferous tubules

sperm production

sperm parts

head, midpiece, and principle piece

testes endocrine function

E2 and T

epididymus

1. sperm transport- moving sperm from testes to cava epididymus
2. nutrition - sperm
3. maturation process
4. storage for ejaculation

vas deferms

transfer sperm from epididymis to the urethra

accessory glands function

produce accessory fluid

types of accessory glands

- seminal vesicles
- prostate
- cowpers gland

semen

sperm and accessory fluids

vasular penis

- corpus cavernosum
- tunica albiginima
- increas blood, increases size, diameter, and stiffness

corpus cavernosum

vascular (blood) - spongey material to allow blood influx

tunicia albiginima

(TA) connective tissue

fibrous penis

- connective tissue
- only a few places for blood influx
- length and diameter don't change, only stiffness

bull testes

3 miles of tubules

sperm head

DNA

sperm midpiece

mitochondrial helix

sperm principle piece

mobility

sperm survival in female tract

mammals - 48-72 hours
chickens - 35 dats
turkey - 75 days

genetics

used to maintain endangered species

genetic change

change the animal to fit our needs

P = G + E

phenotype - physical appearance
genotype - genetic makeup
e - enviornmental effects

gene expression

simple mendelian genetics
dominant
recessive
incomplete dominance

gene

DNA that codes for a specific substance

allele's

2 subcomponent of DNA -> gene

P

dominant

p

recessive

PP

homozygous dominant

pp

homozygous recessive

Pp

heterozygous

qualitative traits

few genes, discreet classes, yes/no

quantitative traits

many genes, expression over a range (weight, height, etc.)

inbreeding

mating individuals more related than the average of the population

linebreeding

concentrate genes of a particular ancestor

outbreeding

mating individuals less related than the average of the population

outbreeding types

within breed, crossbreeding, crossing species

inbreeding facts

- basis for all breeds of domestic animals
- mating of individuals more closely related than the average population
- does not increase or cause mutation
- increase of expression by increasing homozygosity

heterosis

expression of the offspring in a iven trait is higher than the average of the parental breeds

crossbreeding/outcrossing

used extensively in meat producing species

animals used in crossbreeding

beed, swine, broilers, meat breeds of sheep and goats, dogs, cats

why crossbreeding

often beneficial, enchances reproduction and favorable (or not detrimental) influence on other traits

undesirable crossbreeding effects of crossing species

can't reproduce

chimera

mixture of incommpatible chromosomes or chromosome numbers

selection

determining the parents of the next generation

selection techniques

- natural mating
- artificial insemination
- embryo transfer
- embryo splitting

superovulate female

hormone treatment that alters the number of follicles developming

cloning

creating a new embryo from an existing cell of an organism

grazing

prefer grasses, legumes, weeds (sheep)

browsing

concentrate selective, wide variety of forages (goats)

seasonal reproduction (short day breeder)

- estrous cycles - 17 days
- only have estrous cycles when there is a decrease in light and increase in dark
- estrus - 30 hours
- seasonal anestrous

sheep and goats were

among the earliest domesticated animals

goat coat

hair

sheep coat

wool (some hair breeds)

goat tail

up

sheep tail

down (often docked)

goat horn

narrow, curving

sheep horn

broad, curling (if present)