Chapter 1: Intro, Vitamins, and Minerals

AGR 316

Define nutrient

A chemical compound found in feed that is necessary for cellular and physiological function within animal species

What is the difference between ruminant and nonruminant

Ruminant- 4 chamber stomach, microbial based digestion

Nonruminant- single compartment stomach

How do ruminants and nonruminants differ with feed requirements?

Ruminants use microbes to get energy from feed, nonruminants do not have these microbes

How do different production stages affect requirements?

Different stages require different levels of nutrients

Maintenance: enough to stay alive

Growth/gain: enough to grow bones and muscles

Gestation: enough to build a baby

Lactation: enough to produce lots of milk quickly

Name the 6 different nutrients

1. Water

2. Carbohydrates

3. Fats/lipids

4. Proteins

5. Vitamins

6. Minerals

Which of the 6 nutrients are nonorganic?

Water and minerals

Why is water important?

• Often overlooked

• Most abundant

• Majority of body weight

  • 65-85% at birth

  • 40-60% at maturity

    • Inverse relationship w/ body fat

What percent of blood is water?

90-95%

What percent of tissue is water?

70-90%

Intracellular and extracellular

What are the main functions of water?

1. Transport- nutrients and waste products

2. Chemical reactions/solvent

3. Temperature regulation- lots of heat released from break down of water

4. Cell Shape

5. Lubrication/cushion

What are symptoms of water deficiency/restriction?

• Decreased feed consumption

  • Lowers productivity

  • First to occur, within 24hr of restriction

• Weight loss

• Increased excretion

  • nitrogen and electrolytes, ie: more concentrated urine

• Death

  • Within a few days w/ severe restriction

What are the main sources of water?

Drinking water

Water in feed

Metabolic water

What are the ways an animal loses water?

• Urine

• Feces

• Insensible losses

  • Vaporization from lungs

  • Dissipation through skin

• Sweat

• Products - i.e. milk and eggs

Are vitamins organic or inorganic?

Organic (contains carbon)

What are some characteristics of vitamins?

• Organic

• Required in small amounts

• Required for metabolic activity and normal tissue development

• Deficiencies can come from absence in diet or improper absorption

• Not made by animals

Which vitamins are fat-soluble?

A, D, E, K

Stored in animal

Which vitamins are water-soluble?

B vitamins and C

Not stored in significant amounts

Name the function of vitamin A

Vision, bone formation

Name the function of vitamin D

Bone formation

Name the function of vitamin E

Antioxidant, reproduction

Name the function of vitamin K

Blood clotting

Name the function of the B vitamins

energy metabolism

Name the function of vitamin C

Collagen formation and energy metabolism

What is caused by a deficiency of vitamin A?

Xerophthalmia, night blindness

What is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D?

Rickets, osteomalacia, soft egg shells

What is caused by a deficiency of vitamin E?

muscle dystrophy, encephalomalacia

What is caused by a deficiency of vitamin K?

Spontaneous hemorrhages, increased clotting time

What is caused by a deficiency of the B vitamins?

poor performance and production

Specifically… Thiamine: Polio- symptoms of stargazing and head pressing

What is caused by a deficiency of vitamin C?

Scurvy

What is caused by a toxicity of vitamin D?

calcification of soft tissue

What are sources of vitamins in the animal diet?

Green forages, animal proteins, and grains

Are minerals organic or inorganic?

inorganic

What percent of an animals body weight are minerals?

3-5%

What are macro and microminerals?

Macro- need in large amounts (ie: Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K, and S)

Micro- need in small amounts (ie: Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, and Zn)

Which minerals affect skeletal formation and maintenance?

Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Mn

Which minerals affect protein synthesis?

P, S, Zn

Which minerals affect oxygen transport?

Fe, Cu

What minerals affect osmotic pressure?

Na, Cl, K

What minerals affect acid/base balance?

Na, Cl, K

What minerals are enzyme activators?

Ca, P, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn

Which minerals have relationships with vitamins?

Ca, P, Co, Se

What is the result of a deficiency in Ca/P?

rickets, osteomalacia, thin shelled eggs

What is the result of a deficiency in Mg?

vasodilation, hyperirritability, tetany (grass tetany)

What is the result of a deficiency in Fe?

anemia

What is the result of a deficiency in Cu?

fading hair coat, lack of wool, anemia

What is the result of a deficiency in I?

Goiter, hairless pigs or wool-less lambs at birth

What is the result of a deficiency in Se?

white muscle disease, stiff lamb disease

What is the result of a toxicity from Ca/P/Mg?

They affect the absorption of one another

ie: too much Ca affects P/Mg and can lead to P/Mg deficiencies

What is the result of a toxicity from Na?

staggering, blindness, hypertension

What is the result of a toxicity from Cu?

extremely toxic to sheep (above 250 ppm)

What is the result of a toxicity from Se?

blindness, alkali disease

What are sources of minerals?

Natural

• forage plants: good amount

• grains: fair amount

Supplements

• such as rock deposits