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Fingerprinting
Infallible means of personal identification, essential explanation for establishing identities of criminal relevant to admit previous arrests
How long has fingerprinting helped governments worldwide?
100+ years
Can two prints be the same?
No
What is the basis for criminal history foundation at every agency
Fingerprinting
What is the most commonly used forensic evidence worldwide
Fingerprinting
which type of forensic examination outnumber all the other's in number of casework worldwide
Fingerprinting
Which type of identification system outperforms DNA and other human identification systems
Fingerprinting
How many times more unknown suspect cases than DNA cases in most jurisdictions
10 times
why is fingerprinting better than visible human characteristics
visible characteristics change, fingerprints dont
What did officer's rely on before the mid 1800s?
"Camera eyes"
What are camera eyes?
when law enforcement officers with extraordinary visual memory identify previously arrested criminals.
What lessened the burden of memory on police officers?
Photography
Why didn't photography help?
people changed their personal appearances
What are the two types of impressions
Rolled impressions and Plain impressions
what are rolled impressions?
upper 10 boxes on a booking card, each finger done individually, finger rolled from one side of the nail to the other to obtain all ridge detail
What are plain impressions
Bottom of the card, fingers are taking simultaneously without rolling
Why are plain impressions used?
to verify sequence and accuracy of rolled impressions
What is the first step of fingerprinting?
Fingertips are clean and dry.
What is the second step of fingerprinting?
Standing to the right and at arms length from the machine.
What is the third step of fingerprinting?
Individual must be relaxed and focused on something different.
What is the fourth step of fingerprinting?
Grasp hand at base and cup the finger and roll with the other hand.
What is the fifth step of fingerprinting?
Ink spread from one end of the nail to the other as well as joint creasing.
What is the sixth step of fingerprinting?
Roll finger from one side to the other in appropriate space and lift finger when removing to prevent smudging.
What is the seventh step of fingerprinting?
Plain impressions done at a 45 degree angle at the bottom of the card. Print both thumbs simultaneously in appropriate space.
1000-2000 BC
Ancient Babylon- fingerptints used on clay tablets for business transactions
3rd Century BC
thumbprint used on clay seals in china to "sign documents"
1686
Malpighi, a professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna, noted that ridges on the hands are for grip and the ridges on the feet are for traction. Noted spirals and loops with microscope
1823
Purkinje- published his thesis discussing 9 different print patterns. He didn't mention the value of fingerprints for identification. laid groundwork for organization and filing
1858
Sir William Hershel- used handprints to sign deals with the native indians to make it binding and personal. He realized all fingerprints are different. He fingerprinted himself 50 years apart and realized they don't change. He noticed impressions can prove and disprove identity. Noted that fingerprints are unique to the individual and are permanent throughout that person's life
1880
Dr. Henry Faulds- British surgeon discussed fingerprints as a means of personal identification and use of printer ink as fingerprinting method. Credited with the first fingerprint identification, a greasy print left by a worker on an alcohol bottle.
1892
Vucetich- made the first criminal fingerprint identification in 1892. A women shot her two sons and cut her throat to bame husband, her bloody print found on the post of the door proved her identity as a murderer.
1888
Galton- first to prove no fingerpirnts are alike and remain the ame throighout oes life. 1 in a 64 billion chance of having the same print. He wrote a book called "fingerprinting" describing hoe to take them as well as the arch, loop, and whorl patterns
1901
Sir Edward Richard Henry- created a fingerprinting program for all prisoners. Developed a classification system that organized prints in a like making it easier to search. It is still used today
FIrst systematic use of fingerprints in the U.S. by ______________
Dr. Henry P. Deforrest who pioneered U.S. fingerprinting in 1902
1915
International Association for identification (IAI) Logo is a fingerprint of Sir Francis Galton's right index finger
2007
Largest IAFIS repository in America is operated by the Dept. of homeland security including USA visit program. 74 million fingerprints are in the IAFIS. it is a national database with mugshots, criminal history and physical characteristics
Fingerprint patterns
1. Whorl- Ridges that are circular
2. Loop- ridges that enter one side re-curve and pass out from the same side it entered from
3. Arch- ridges enter from one side make a rise from the center and exit generally on the opposite side
Loop
found in 60%-70% of prints
2 focal points: 1. the core or center of the loop, 2. a delta which is the area of a pattern where there is a triangulation or dividing of ridges
Whorl
2 or more deltas. must record deltas and space between them for identification. 25%-35% of prints
Arch
No core or delta. Must be fully recorded. 5% of patterns. 2 types: plain or tented
Are humans the only ones with fingerprints
No, some primates like gorillas, chimpanzees and koala bears have their own unique prints
What is significant about koala bear prints?
Koala bears have prints that are impossible to distinguish when compared to human prints.
What is the main difference between koala bears and human fingerprints?
koalas only have ridges on their fingertips and humans have it on their palms as well.
Quality checklist
1. Impressions in appropriate block
2. Rolled nail to nail
3. In a loop delta and core are present
4. Impressions are clear and distinct
5. Impression isn't too light or too dark.
Bertillon
Named after Alphonse Bertillon and was an accepted system for 30 years.
Why did this system end?
a man named Will West was sentenced to the U.S. Penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas. There was another person named William West that had the same Bertillon measurements.
What is significant about Will and William West?
They were identical twins but under the Bertillon system they were identified as the same person but fingerprints identified them as two different people
1882
Alphonse Bertillon devised anthropometry which is the system to measure and record dimensions of 11 body parts.
