SOLTHERMO (finals)

Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE)

describes the distribution of a
chemical species between the
vapor phase and a liquid phase.

Equilibrium

is a condition in which no
changes occur in the macroscopic
properties of an isolated system with
time.

Distillation

can separate chemical
components only if the compositions of
vapor and liquid phases that are in
equilibrium with each other, are
different.

VLE

A practical understanding of ________ is
essential for the analysis, design and
control of distillation columns.

Vapor pressure

the pressure that a pure
component exerts at a given
temperature when both liquid
and vapor phases are present.

Vapor pressure

is strongly temperature dependent.

higher, lower

Liquids with _________
vapor pressures
(volatile liquids) have _________ boiling points
(and vice versa)

Dew point

The temperature at which the
saturated vapor starts to
condense.

dew point

The pressure and
temperature condition
at which an infinitesimal
quantity of liquid (a
droplet)
exists in equilibrium with
vapor.

bubble point

the temperature at
which the liquid
starts to boil.

azeotrope

a composition at which the
liquid and vapor compositions are equal

distillation

Separation cannot be done by simple ___________

degree of freedom

The number of variables that may be independently
fixed in a system at equilibrium is the difference between
the total number of variables that characterize the
intensive state of the system and the number of
independent equations that can be written relating
those variables.

duhem's theorem

another rule, similar to the phase
rule, that applies to the extensive state of a closed
system at equilibrium.

Raoult's law

If the vapor phase is
assumed to be in its ideal-
gas state and the liquid
phase is assumed to be an
ideal solution, it
reduces to its simplest
possible form of VLE model

low, moderate

The ideal-gas-state assumption means that
Raoult's law is limited in application from _______ to
_____________ pressures.

Henry's law

applies to a species as it approaches
infinite dilution in a binary solution

K-value correlations

A measure of the distribution of a
chemical species between liquid
and vapor phases is the 𝐾 value,
defined as the equilibrium ratio

excess properties

They are defined as the difference
between the property of real
solution and ideal solution which is
important in Thermodynamics and
phase equilibria.

excess Gibbs free energy

comes from experiment
through reduction of
vapor/liquid equilibrium
data

excess enthalpy

determined by
mixing experiments

heat of solution

When solids or gases are
dissolved in liquids, the heat
effect is called a ___________
and is based on the dissolution of
1 mol of solute.

chemical kinetics

Study of reaction rates and
mechanism by which they
proceed.

reaction mechanism

Besides information about the
speed at which reactions
occur, kinetics also sheds light
on the _____________
(exactly how the reaction
occurs).

reaction
coordinate

This new variable ε, called the ___________, characterizes the extent or degree
to which a reaction has taken place.

collision theory

When two chemicals react, their molecules have to collide
with each other (in a particular orientation) with sufficient
energy for the reaction to take place

collision theory

1. There must be
enough activation
energy (Ea).

catalyst

A substance that fastens
the reaction without
getting consumed in the
reaction.

catalyst

Provides an alternative
pathway that has a lower
activation energy.

binary liquid/liquid (LLE)

For conditions of constant pressure, or when pressure effects are
negligible, __________ is conveniently displayed on a
solubility diagram, a plot of 𝑇 vs. 𝑥1

binodal curves

- define an "island"

- They represent the compositions of coexisting
phases: curve UAL for the α phase (rich in species
2), and curve UBL for the 𝛽 phase (rich in species 1).