Changes in Family Relationships at Adolescence

This collection of flashcards covers key concepts related to changes in family relationships at adolescence, focusing on family dynamics, parenting styles, sibling relationships, the impact of divorce, and the significance of peer groups.

What do adolescents and parents usually fight about?

Conflicts often center on mundane issues such as curfews, leisure activities, clothing, and cleanliness.

What characterizes conflicts between adolescents and their parents?

They stem from different perspectives on issues and violations of expectations.

At what age does the peak time for dramatic changes in family relations occur for boys?

Around age 13 to 14.

At what age does the peak time for dramatic changes in family relations occur for girls?

Around age 11 to 12.

What are the effects of parental midlife crises on family dynamics?

Parents may experience increased concern about their attractiveness and feel limited in possibilities for change.

How does parental mental health impact interactions with adolescents?

Parents' mental health problems negatively affect their interactions with children.

What financial changes do families face during adolescence?

Increased financial strain from costs like clothing, cars, and large expenditures like college.

Define familism in the context of immigrant families.

An orientation toward life where the family's needs take precedence over the individual's needs.

What is generational dissonance?

Divergence of views between adolescents and parents common in families of immigrant parents.

How do adolescents influence family relationships during puberty?

There is a role change as adolescents try to exert authority and influence in the family.

What leads to diminished closeness between adolescents and their families?

Increased adolescent privacy and less physical affection.

How do boys and girls differ in their relationships with parents during adolescence?

Boys tend to relate similarly to both parents; girls are often closer to their mothers.

What are the four parenting styles identified by Diana Baumrind?

Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, Indifferent.

What do authoritative parents emphasize in their parenting?

Warmth, firm control, and rational, issue-oriented discipline.

What are the characteristics of authoritarian parents?

Use punitive and absolute discipline emphasizing obedience and conformity.

What outcomes are associated with parenting styles?

Children raised in authoritative households are more responsible, creative, and socially skilled.

What can harsh discipline lead to in adolescents?

Increased behavior problems.

How does parental responsiveness affect adolescents?

It determines how well adolescents adjust and behave.

In which family structure do children tend to have better developmental outcomes?

Authoritative parenting structures.

How do economic stress and poverty affect adolescents?

They lead to increased emotional distress and academic problems.

What are the effects of frequent changes in family structure?

Increased difficulties in adjustment for adolescents.

How can parenting styles differ among various ethnic groups?

Authoritative parenting is less prevalent among minority families compared to white families.

What is the diathesis-stress model?

A perspective suggesting that psychological disorders results from an interaction between a preexisting condition and environmental stress.

Why might siblings be so different despite sharing the same parents?

Different genetic inheritances, varying parental treatment, and different family experiences.

What is the impact of divorce on adolescents' relationships with parents?

The nature of the parents' relationship determines the adolescent’s well-being post-divorce.

How do adolescents typically fare during their parents' divorce?

Some exhibit short-term problems, particularly boys and younger children.

What role does financial support from fathers play in adolescents' development?

It is associated with less problem behavior and higher academic achievement.

What percentage of children live with two parents in Asian families compared to Black families?

86% of Asian children compared to 42% of Black children.

What major concern arises from the high rates of divorce?

Adolescents experience longer-term adjustment difficulties.

How does custody arrangement impact adolescents' well-being after divorce?

The quality of parents' relationship post-divorce is more crucial than the custody arrangement.

What are sleeper effects related to divorce?

Adjustment difficulties that may not appear until later during adolescent development.

Which group is more susceptible to mental health issues during adolescence?

Adolescents in poverty.

What role does adequate social support play in family dynamics?

It helps families fare better during financial difficulties.

How does being unhoused affect adolescents?

It leads to risky behaviors, mental health problems, and school disruptions.

What does research indicate about the adjustment of adopted adolescents?

They report higher rates of psychological difficulties compared to their non-adopted peers.

Is there evidence that children of gay parents develop differently than those with straight parents?

No, they do not show significant psychological differences.

What challenges do adolescents in foster care face?

Increased risks of emotional and behavioral problems.

What is the link between parental mental health and adolescent behavior?

Parental mental health significantly influences family interactions.

Define relational aggression.

Acts intended to harm another through relationship manipulation, such as gossip.

What can predict a decrease in adjustments during parental remarriage?

Stressful new stepparent relationships and authority conflicts.

How does the presence of a noncustodial parent affect children post-divorce?

Regular contact with fathers leads to fewer problems.

What do common household transitions impact in adolescents?

Each transition can lead to greater emotional and behavioral challenges.

What can excessive parental control result in?

It can backfire and lead to problems in adolescent development.

Explain the concept of socialization in adolescence.

Adolescents are socialized by both adults and peers in a cooperative culture context.

What is the significance of peer groups in modern societies?

They provide norms and support that are necessary for socialization.

What did Margaret Mead believe about adolescent socialization?

It depends on the pace of societal changes.

How do peer groups change from childhood to adolescence?

There is increased time spent with peers and less adult supervision.

How does puberty affect peer relationships?

It stimulates interest in romantic relationships, distancing adolescence from parents.

What are cliques in adolescent social dynamics?

Small, tightly knit groups of friends generally of the same sex and age.

Why might adolescents form crowds?

Crowds help solidify social and personal identity.

What is the difference between clique membership and crowd membership?

Cliques are based on friendship while crowds are reputation-based clusters.

What are the main influences on psychic identity during adolescence?

Crowd membership affects behavior and self-conception.

How does peer group structure change through adolescence?

It becomes more differentiated and less hierarchical.

What happens to the structure of peer groups in late adolescence?

Peer crowds begin to disintegrate as couples form.

What forms of popularity exist among adolescents?

Sociometric popularity and perceived popularity.

What is proactive aggression?

Deliberate, planned aggressive behavior.

What is one consequence of being rejected as a peer?

Increased likelihood of mental health issues.

What are some strategies for helping unpopular adolescents?

Teach social skills and encourage participation in supervised group activities.

What does the term cyberbullying refer to?

Bullying that occurs online through platforms like social media.

How are victims of bullying often affected psychologically?

They may experience low self-esteem, depression, and academic difficulties.

What characterizes the relationship between popularity and self-esteem?

Popular adolescents tend to have higher self-esteem at both adolescent and adult stages.

How do adolescents typically respond to peer rejection?

Adolescents experience stronger biological stress responses to peer rejection than children.

What is the effect of relational aggression compared to physical aggression in children?

It is more prevalent in girls and involves manipulating social relationships.

How do public perceptions of victimization contribute to bullying?

Victimized adolescents often struggle with psychological problems which can lead to bullying.

What is the relationship between ethnicity and crowd membership?

Crowd distinctions often emerge along ethnic lines within schools.

In terms of adolescent friendships, how does jealousy affect relationships?

Jealousy can lead to instability in friendships and potential breakups.

How do peer relationships affect academic performance?

Friends significantly influence each other’s academic outcomes.

How are gangs characterized among peer groups?

They are organized groups of antisocial individuals at greater risk for a variety of issues.

What does 'iatrogenic effects' mean in social interventions for adolescents?

Unintended adverse consequences of a treatment or intervention.

What role does school engagement play in the effects of victimization?

Victimization undermines students' school performance and attendance.

What is the importance of good peer relationships during adolescence?

They are linked to better academic performance and emotional well-being.

In what area do poor peer relationships lead to difficulties for adolescents?

In achieving and maintaining emotional stability and academic success.