Chapter 14 Eyes and Ears

Acous/o

hearing

Audi/o

hearing

blephar/o

eyelid

conjunctiv/o

conjunctiva

Corne/o

cornea

Dacry/o

tear

Dipl/o

double

Ir/o

iris

Irid/o

iris

Kerat/o

cornea

Lacrim/o

lacrimal gland

myring/o

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Tympan/o

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Ocul/o

eye

ophathalm/o

eye

Optic/o

eye

Ot/o

ear

Phac/o

lens

Phak/o

lens

presby/o

old age

Retin/o

retina

salping/o

Tube

scler/o

hardening

Ast

astigmatism

CAT

Cataract

EM, em

emmetropia

EOM

extraocular movement

G, glc

glaucoma

LASIK

laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis

AOM

acute otitis media

EENT

eyes, ears, nose, throat

MD

macular degeneration

PERRLA

pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation

RD

retinal detachment

RK

radial keratotomy

V, VA

visual acuity

ENT

ear, nose, throat

TM

tympanic membrane

amblyopia

disorder in which the brain disregards images from the weaker eye and relies on those from the stronger eye; sometimes called lazy eye

ametropia

Abnormal refractive ability of the eye, the focus does not lie on the retina

Myopia

error of refraction in which light rays focus in front of the retina, enabling the person to see distinctly for only a short distance; commonly called nearsightedness

Hyperopia

Focus is behind the retina and near objects look blurry; commonly called farsightedness

Astigmatism

Multiple images on the retina; distant and close objects look blurry

Blepharitis

inflammation of the eyelid

Cataract

clouding of the lens of the eye

Central scotoma

blind spot in the center of the visual field surrounded by an area of normal vision

Chalazion

small benign cyst in the eyelid formed by the distention of a meibomian gland (sebaceous gland of the eye) with secretions

conjuctivitis

inflammation of the conjunctiva (pink eye)

diabetic retinopathy

Progressive damage to microscopic vessels and other structures of the retina in patients with long standing diabetes mellitus, which may result in blindness

Ectropian

eversion or turning outward of the lower eyelid

entropion

Inversion or turning inward of the upper eyelid

Glaucoma

Blockage of aqueous-humor outflow causes a rapid increase in intraocular pressure; can cause vision loss; also called closed-angle glaucoma

Glaucoma (chronic)

type of glaucoma in which the aqueous humor drains too slowly, leading to increasing intraocular pressure; can cause vision loss; also called primary open-angle glaucoma

hordeolum

infection of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid, also called a stye

Hypertensive retinopathy

destructive retinal changes caused by hypertension

Keratitis

inflammation of the cornea

Legal blindness

loss in visual acuity that prevents a person from performing work requiring eyesight; defined as corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or less or a visual field of 20 degrees or less in the better eye

Macular degeneration

macular deterioration resulting in central vision loss, categorized as either atrophic (dry) or exudative (wet)

Nystagmus

involuntary back-and-forth movement of the eyes

ophthalmoplegia

paralysis of one or more of the extraocular eye muscles

Presbyopia

permanent loss of accommodation of the lens of the eye that occurs as people enter their 40s, causing a marked inability to maintain focus on near objects

Retinal detachment

separation of the retina from the underlying epithelium, disrupting vision and resulting in blindness if not repaired surgically

strabismus

abnormal deviation of the eye (cross-eyed)

Uveitis

nonspecific term for any intraocular inflammatory disorder, which may affect the iris, ciliary body, choroid, or other parts of the eye

Anacusis

total deafness

cholesteatoma

condition in which a cyst filled with keratin develops in the middle ear

labryinthtis

Inflammation of the labyrinth within the inner ear; also called otitis interna

Ménière disease

disorder of the inner ear with acute attacks of tinnitus, vertigo, and hearing loss

Otitis externa

inflammation of the outer ear (swimmer's ear)

Otitis media

Inflammation or infection of the middle ear

Otosclerosis

chronic progressive deafness caused by spongy bone formation around the oval window with resulting ankylosis of the stapes

presbycusis

Progressive loss of hearing with aging

Tinnitus

perception of ringing, buzzing, tinkling, or hissing sound in the ear

Vertigo

the sensation of dizziness

audiometry

measurement of hearing

Cochlear implant

A surgically implanted amplification device that stimulates the auditory nerve to provide the sensation of hearing to a deaf individual.

Color vision test

use of multicolored charts to determine ability of patient to recognize color

corneal transplant (keratoplasty)

surgical replacement of a diseased cornea with a healthy one from a donor

enucleation

surgical removal of the eyeball

Laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK)

correction of myopia using laser surgery to remove corneal tissue

Laser photocoagulation

destruction of areas of the retina with a laser beam

phacoemilsification

Removal of the lens with an ultrasonic device to treat cataracts

Radial keratotomy

Incision into the outer portion of the cornea to flatten it and help correct nearsightedness

Refractive error test

evaluation of the eye's ability to focus an image

Rinne test

hearing test using a tuning fork; checks for differences in bone conduction and air conduction

Scleral buckling

placement of a band of silicone around the eyeball to stabilize a detaching retina

Slit-lap microscopy

Examination of the posterior surface of the cornea with a slit lamp

Tonometry

the measurement of intraocular pressure

Tympanometry

the use of air pressure in the ear canal to test for disorders of the middle ear

Tympanotomy

Tiny tubes are inserted into the tympanic membrane to allow fluid and air to escape, reducing pressure in the middle ear preventing rupture of the tympanic membrane

Tympanoplasty

reconstruction of the eardrum

Visual acuity test

standard eye examination to determine the smallest letters a person can read on a Snellen chart, or E chart, at a distance of 20 feet

Weber test

hearing test that evaluates bone conduction using a tuning fork