Things to go over for Quiz # 2 (Lesson Content 4, 5 & 6 – 20 MCQ)!

Diabetes mellitus

A metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar due to insufficient insulin production or ineffective use of insulin.

Glucose

The body's primary source of energy.

Hyperglycemia

Elevated blood glucose levels that can lead to complications such as organ damage.

Hypoglycemia

Dangerously low blood glucose levels causing symptoms like dizziness and unconsciousness.

Insulin and Glucagon

The two major hormones that maintain normal blood glucose concentrations.

Glycogen

The storage form of glucose in the body.

Type 1 diabetes

An autoimmune condition where the body does not produce insulin.

Type 2 diabetes

A condition where the body does not produce enough insulin or does not use insulin well.

Gestational diabetes

Diabetes that occurs during pregnancy due to hormonal changes.

Polyuria

Frequent urination, a common symptom of uncontrolled diabetes.

Glycosuria

The presence of glucose in urine.

Polydipsia

Increased thirst, a common symptom of uncontrolled diabetes.

Polyphagia

Increased hunger, a common symptom of uncontrolled diabetes.

OGTT

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test; a procedure to measure the body’s glucose handling.

Two-hour postprandial glucose

Blood glucose measured exactly two hours after a meal to assess how the body manages sugar.

mmol/L

The unit in which glucose is measured in Canada.

Insulin

The hormone that controls high glucose levels after a meal.

Glycosylated hemoglobin

Also known as HbA1c, reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months.

Photometry

The measurement of light intensity used to determine the concentration of substances in a solution.

Lactose tolerance test

A test to determine if a person can digest lactose by measuring blood glucose levels.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

The hormone produced during pregnancy.

Urine or blood

The preferred specimens for pregnancy testing.

72-hour stool specimen

A collection of all stool passed over three continuous days for quantitative analysis.

Occult blood specimen

Blood not visible to the naked eye, tested using the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT).

gFOBT

Guaiac-based Fecal Occult Blood Test; requires dietary restrictions.

FIT

Fecal Immunochemical Test; more specific for human blood with no dietary restrictions.

Kidney profile tests

Includes Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine, GFR, and electrolyte levels.

Lipid profile tests

Includes Total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and Triglycerides.

Cardiac profile tests

Often includes Cardiac Enzymes, BNP, and lipid profile components.

Liver function tests

Includes ALT, AST, ALP, Bilirubin, Albumin, and Total Protein.

Thyroid function tests

Includes TSH, Free T3, Free T4, and sometimes antibodies.

Creatinine test specimen

Requires either a random or a 24-hour urine specimen depending on the purpose.

Cortisol collection specimens

Can be blood, urine, or saliva, depending on the specific test.

Ammonia collection

Requires a venous blood sample placed on ice and promptly processed.

Bilirubin collection

Requires protection from light to prevent photodegradation.

Green top tube

Contains sodium heparin; can be used for Na+ electrolyte testing.

Reasons for hemolyzed sample

Includes traumatic venipuncture, using too small a needle, and prolonged tourniquet application.

Nephelometry

Technique for measuring light scatter caused by particles in a solution.

Flow cytometry

A technique analyzing physical and chemical characteristics of cells as they flow through a laser beam.

Electrophoresis

A technique separating molecules based on size and charge using an electric field.

Spectrophotometry

Method for measuring light absorption to determine the concentration of a substance in solution.