Things to go over for Quiz # 2 (Lesson Content 4, 5 & 6 – 20 MCQ)!

1. -What is diabetes mellitus?

   Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar. The hormone insulin moves sugar from the blood into your cells to be stored or used for energy. With diabetes, your body either doesn't make enough insulin or can't effectively use the insulin it does make.

2. -What does glucose do for our bodies? What is hyperglycemia and hypoglycaemia? What happens when glucose is high and when glucose is low?

   Glucose is the body's primary source of energy. Hyperglycemia is elevated blood glucose, which can lead to complications like organ damage over time. Hypoglycemia is dangerously low blood glucose, causing symptoms like dizziness and unconsciousness.

3. -What are the two major hormones that maintain blood glucose concentrations in the normal range? Insulin and Glucagon.

4. -What is the name given to the storage form of glucose? Glycogen

5. -What is the difference between type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus? Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body does not produce insulin. Type 2 diabetes is when the body either doesn't produce enough insulin or doesn't use insulin well (insulin resistance). Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy due to hormonal changes.

6. -What is polyuria, glycosuria, polydipsia, polyphagia?

   Polyuria is frequent urination, glycosuria is glucose in the urine, polydipsia is increased thirst, and polyphagia is increased hunger. These are common symptoms of uncontrolled diabetes.

7. -What does OGTT stand for? Explain the procedure. When does the timer start once the patient is given the drink? What is the routine about given to the patient to drink?

   OGTT stands for Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. The patient fasts overnight, a baseline blood sample is taken, then they consume a glucose drink. Blood samples are then taken at specific intervals (e.g., 1 and 2 hours) to track glucose levels. The timer starts immediately after the patient finishes the glucose drink. The patient should remain seated and refrain from eating, drinking (except water), or smoking during the test.

8. -What is the two-hour postprandial glucose? The two-hour postprandial glucose test measures blood glucose exactly two hours after a meal to see how the body handles sugar after eating.

9. -In Canada, what unit is glucose measured in? mmol/L (millimoles per liter).

10. -What is the name of the hormone that controls our high glucose levels after a meal? Insulin.

11. -What is glycosylated hemoglobin? Glycosylated hemoglobin, also known as HbA1c, is a form of hemoglobin that is chemically linked to sugar. It reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months.

12. -What is photometry? – Does a HemoCue use this? Photometry is the measurement of light intensity, often used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution by measuring the amount of light absorbed or transmitted. Yes, HemoCue devices use photometry.

13. -What is the purpose of the lactose tolerance test? The purpose of the lactose tolerance test is to determine if a person can digest lactose, the sugar found in milk, by measuring blood glucose levels after ingesting a lactose solution.

14. -What is the name of the hormone produced during pregnancy? What is the preferred specimen for pregnancy testing? The hormone produced during pregnancy is Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG). The preferred specimen for pregnancy testing is urine or blood, with blood being more sensitive for early detection.

15. -What is a 72-hour stool specimen? A 72-hour stool specimen is a collection of all stool passed by a patient over a continuous three-day period, typically used for quantitative analysis of fat or other substances to assess malabsorption.

16. -What is occult blood specimen? Explain the FOBT test? What is it use to screen for? What is the reagent/developer used? What colour does it change to if its positive? Do you apply a thin or thick smear of stool on the window of the card?

    An occult blood specimen refers to blood that is not visible to the naked eye. The Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) detects hidden blood in stool. It is used to screen for colorectal cancer and other gastrointestinal bleeding. The reagent/developer used typically contains guaiac, which reacts with the heme in blood. If positive, it changes to a blue color. A thin smear of stool is applied to the window of the card.

17. -What are the two types of FOBT test available? (Guaiac test and the immunochemical test)-go over the advantages of each type. The two types of FOBT tests are the Guaiac-based FOBT (gFOBT) and the Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT). The gFOBT is less expensive and has been widely used, but requires dietary restrictions. The FIT is more specific for human blood, requires no dietary restrictions, and is generally more sensitive, often processed automatically.

18. -What are the tests for the Kidney (Renal) profile? Tests for the Kidney (Renal) profile include Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine, Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), and electrolytes like Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, and Bicarbonate.

19. -What are the tests for the lipid profile? Tests for the lipid profile include Total Cholesterol, High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol, and Triglycerides.

20. -What are the tests for the cardiac profile? Tests for the cardiac profile often include Cardiac Enzymes (e.g., Troponin, CK-MB), B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP), and lipid profile components.

21. -Whare are the tests for the liver function? Tests for liver function include Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Bilirubin (Total and Direct), Albumin, and Total Protein.

22. -What are the tests for thyroid? Tests for thyroid function include Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Free T3 (FT3), Free T4 (FT4), and sometimes thyroid antibodies.

23. -What type of urine specimen do you need for the creatinine test? A random urine specimen or a 24-hour urine specimen can be used for creatinine, depending on the purpose. A 24-hour collection is often preferred for creatinine clearance to assess kidney function.

24. -For Cortisol, what type of specimen would you collect? For Cortisol, blood (serum or plasma), urine (especially 24-hour collection), or saliva specimens can be collected, depending on the specific test and time of day.

25. -Go over the collection for ammonia For ammonia collection, a venous blood sample is typically drawn into an EDTA or heparin tube (green or lavender top). The sample must be placed on ice immediately and transported to the lab for prompt centrifugation and testing to prevent ammonia levels from increasing in vitro.

26. -Go over the collection of bilirubin For bilirubin collection, a venous blood sample is drawn into a serum separator tube (SST) or a plain red top tube. The sample should be protected from light immediately after collection and during transport to prevent photodegradation of bilirubin.

27. Can you use a green top tube containing sodium heparin for Na+ electrolyte testing?

Gray-top - sodium fluoride: often used for the collection of blood for glucose testing

Fluoride inhibits glucose metabolism by the cells in the sample allowing for an accurate glucose determination if a number of hours will elapse before analysis

28. What are some of the reasons that results in a hemolyzed sample? Reasons for a hemolyzed sample include traumatic venipuncture (e.g., difficult draw, shaking tube vigorously), using too small a needle, drawing blood through an IV line incorrectly, prolonged tourniquet application, or improper mixing of the sample with anticoagulants.

29. What is photometry? Photometry is the measurement of light intensity, often used in clinical chemistry to determine the concentration of substances in a solution based on their light absorption or transmission properties.

30. What is Nephelometry? It is used to measure light scatter that is caused by? Nephelometry is a technique used to measure the intensity of light scattered by particles in a solution, typically at an angle. It is used to measure light scatter that is caused by turbidity or cloudiness, which can be due to complexes forming in immunological reactions or the presence of particulates.

31. What is flow cytometry? Flow cytometry is a laboratory technique used to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles as they flow in a fluid stream through a laser beam. It allows for rapid, multiparametric analysis of individual cells.

32. What is electrophoresis? Electrophoresis is a laboratory technique that separates molecules (like DNA, RNA, or proteins) based on their size and electrical charge by applying an electric field to a gel or other matrix.

33. What is spectrophotometry? Spectrophotometry is a method used to measure how much light a chemical substance absorbs by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light passes through the sample solution. The basic principle is that each compound absorbs or transmits light over a certain range of wavelength.