bio 2 exam 3 study guide

homeostasis

maintaining a relatively constant internal environment in the presence of changing external conditions, maintained by negative feedback loops

negative feedback loop

response opposes the stimulus, involved in homeostasis like temperature or h20 or glucose regulation

positive feedback loop

drives the process to completion and enhances the stimulus like childbirth or blood clotting

thermoregulation

how animals maintain an internal temperature within an acceptable range

endothermic

generates own heat from internally thorough metabolism, and behavioral and body response system etc

ectothermic

relies on outside sources/external environment and mostly behavior things to maintain temperature

radiation

heat transfer from a warmer object to a cooler one via infrared

evaporation

vaporization of water from a surface

maintaining temperature by sweating or panting

conduction

heat transfer between two objects by direct contact

convection

heat transfer through movement of air or liquid

vasodilation

superficial blood vessels get bigger to cool you off

vasoconstriction

decrease in diameter of superficial blood vessels to preserve heat and keep warm

countercurrent exchange

in fish gills, two liquids (air and blood) going two op ways for max effiencey of transfer of heat, gases, or solutes like salt between them. aeobic respiration in the gills of aquatic organisms

hormone

released by cells of the endocrine system and travel in the blood stream

neurotransmitter

nervous system, act on other neurons, muscles or glands, travel short distance across the synapse

steriod hormone

hydrophobic, go through plasma mem via thing inside the wall, derived from cholesterol, need cariier proteins for going through the bloodstream

peptide/amine hormone

hydrophillic, go thro blood easy and need receptors on outside of plasma mem to get thro, derived from amino acids

insulin

produced to stabilize glucose, beta cells make it

glucagon

produced when theres low glucose so the lier will break down glycogen and release glucose

mechanical digestion

dbreaks food into smaller pieces and increases surface area, done in the mouth my chewing and the stomach by churning, and grinding and peristalsis in the intestines

chemical digestion

cleaves large molecules into smaller molecules (enzymatic hydrolysis), saliva, stomach acid, enzymes in the stomach and intestines

peristalsis

movement of food, like esophagus and the small intestine, moves solid fecal matter tot he rectum for storage

microbiome

collection of microorganisms living in and on the body

these can contribute to obesity, nutritional deficienes, diabetes, cardio disease, inflam disorger, brain funct, and mood

osmosis

movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, high to low water and low to high solute

isoosmotic

the solution has the same concentration of solutes

hypoosmotic

the solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the other solution and water moves out

hyperosmotic

the solution has a higher solute concentration than the other and water moves in

nephron

filter, reabsorb, secrete, and excrete liquid waste

arteries

go away from the heart, carry blood from the heart to organs

veins

towards the heart, carry blood from the organs to the heart

pulmonary circuit

oxygen poor blood moves from the heart to capillary beds in gas exchange tissues (lungs) (reptiles and mammals)

systemic circuit

oxygen rich blood moves from the heart to the organs

semilunar valves

separate ventricles from major artieries and prevent blood from flowing back into the heart during relaxation/diastole/dub

atrioventricular valves

separate atria from ventricles and prevent backflow during contraction/systole/lub

aerobic respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP, heat)

aquatic do counter current and terrestrial do ventalation of lungs in mammals

partial pressure

the pressue exerted by a aprticular gas in a mixture of gases, gas crosses respiratory surfaces via diffusion and goes high pp to low pp

alveoli

where gas exchange occurs

o2 dissolves in the film of liquid lining the alveoli an diffuses into capillary beds

hemoglobin

iron containing transport protein in invertebrates and vertebrates

cooperative binding

◼ Hemoglobin-tetramer with each subunit binding to one O2 molecule (reversible)

◼ Binding enhanced by cooperativity between subunits

◼ Cells actively consuming O2 will trigger increased O2 unloading from hemoglobin

◼ pH levels drop due to increased CO2

◼ Lower pH = lower affinity for O2

photosynthesis

using light and co2 to make sugar oxygen and energy

Photosynthesis: Light + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

light energy is transformed into chemical energy in glucose

Photosynthesis provides fuel for cellular respiration

Photosynthesis provides building materials for bodies

Photosynthesis generates the oxygen in our atmosphere

Photosynthesis provides food for heterotrophs

Remember… Plants are not the only organisms that can photosynthesizeand Plants also do cellular respiration (within mitochondria)

chloroplast

cells are packed with them and they line the interior of the leaf, convert light to chemical energy, mesophyll cells

mesophyll cell

are special plant cells located in the middle layer of leaves where the majority of photosynthesis takes place and are packed with chloro and optimized for capturing light and exchanging gases), C4 plants

stomata

control gas and water exchage

on surface of leaf and open and close for co2 intake and the loss of o2 and water evap

gaurd cells

balance water conservation with gas exchange for photosyn

Turgid guard cells = open stomata, K+ taken up by guard cells, H2O follows by osmosis

Relaxed guard cells = closed stomata, K+ pumped out of guard cells, H2O follows by osmosis

tehya lso have opening and closing cues like light and dark, amount of co2 inside the leaf, circadian rhytemn and envionmental stressor slike drought and temp

turgid

stiff

flaccid

limp

photorespiration

-Stomata open: Normal Calvin Cycle

Rubisco interacts with CO2

Produces glucose molecules

- Stomata closed: Photorespiration

Rubisco interacts with O2

Produces CO2 without making any glucose & wastes ATP

C3 plants

most plants, rice and wheat and soybeans and reduced sugar production lower crop yield

C4 plants

sep by space, sugar cane and corn

CAM plants

sep by time, succulents, cacti and pineapples

rubsico

enzyme for carbon fixation during the first step of the calvin cycle in photosynthesis

bundle sheath cells

handle lots for c4 plants

PEP carboxylase

fixes one thing but not the other

Nitrogen fixation

imp for plants to synthesise proteins and nucleic acids so bacteria transform environmental nitrogen into usable forms for plants and the plants will provide sugars for the bacteria

Mycorrhizae

mutualistic assosication of roots and fungi

plants give sugars to fungi and fungi give inc sa for water absorbition and phosphorus and minerals and growth factors and antibiotics to plants

apoplast

external to the plasma mem of living cells

symplast

the netire mass of cytosol of all the living cells in a plant

water potential

how freely water can move within a system, water moves high water pot to low water pot

xylem

transport water and minerals unidirectionally

made of trachids and vessel elements in enagiospearns and care dead w lignin and are pitted to alow for water exchange

root hairs absorb and endodermal cells act as checkpoitns

transpiration

loss of water vapor from leaves and other aerial parts of the plant

cohesion

water molecues and sollutes attaching and oulling eachoher h bonding of like molecules

adhesion

the link of unlike molecules attaching to the cell wall

phloem

sugar and amino acid transport bidirectionally, sieve elements, comapnion cels to load and unload and is alive