AP Euro Napoleon

conscription

___ is the compulsory enrollment of persons for military or naval service; draft.

Napoleon Bonaparte

____ was a military and political leader who took over much of Europe. He rose to power after winning many campaigns and wars under the French Revolutionary government. From First Consul, he rose to Emperor, only to lose, be removed from power, and experience exile in 1815 and 1816. He Civil Code and the spread of liberal ideas were his most powerful legacy.

Lord Nelson

English Admiral ___ destroyed Napoleon's fleet at the Battle of the Nile (1798), leaving his army stranded. He lost his life, but handed Napoleon his terminal naval defeat at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Last words: "I have done my duty." Defended Egypt against France during Napoleon's campaign against Britain. Defeated French army at Abukir on August 1, 1798.

Constitution of the Year VIII

The ___ was Issued by Napoleon in December of 1799. It established universal male suffrage, a complicated system of checks and balances, and a Council of State. Napoleon also used this to establish his rule as First Consul.

Consulate

The ___ was a three person government formed after the overthrow of the Directory in 1799. Abbie Sieyes originally intended to use Napoleon's popularity but give him only a minor roll in the new government. Napoleon, however, rewrote the plan of government to make himself first consul and got it approved by popular vote. Napoleon served as first consul until crowning himself emperor in 1804.

Concordat of 1801

The ___ was concluded between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII. It recognized the Catholic Church as the official church of France and returned most of the churches civil status. It is often used as example of Napoleon's savvy in using popular religion to increase his own popularity.

Organic Articles

The ___ were issued on April 8th, 1802 by Napoleon; the Pope protested that he had no been consulted. The 77 articles on Catholicism and 44 articles on Protestantism outlined how religion was going to be handled and the state the power to enforce order and safety in religious matters.

Civil Code

Napoleon issued his ___ in 1804. It established an egalitarian legal code for all territories under French control. Based on Roman law, it spread progressive liberal ideas to most of Europe and continues to be used, in some areas, to this day.

primogeniture

The right of the eldest son to inherit most or all of his parents' property is known as ____. It was abolished by the Napoleon Code. It significantly weakened the nobilityin France. This was a major transition from the Ancien Regime. For generations, it had guaranteed that first sons would inherit lands while younger aristocratic sons would become soldiers or priests.

Trafalgar

A British naval victory fought on October 21, 1805, the Battle of ___ crushed the French fleet and established England's dominance on the seas. Realizing that he could not defeat England's navy, Napoleon created his Continental System to crush the British economy. It didn't work; but it did help cause the War of 1812.

Jacques Louis David

___ was a Neoclassic painter. Napoleon commissioned him to do several paintings as propaganda pieces to promote Napoleon's reign.

Neoclassicism

A style of art and architecture that emerged in the later 18th century. Part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures, Neoclassicism was characterized by the utilization of themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome.

Continental System

Realizing that he could not defeat Britain on the seas, Napoleon implemented his ___ to try and cripple the British economy. It tended to hurt the economies of continental nations, particularly the french economy more.

Spanish Liberation/Peninsular Campaign

The War of ___ took place from 1807 to 1814. Napoleon placed brother Joseph on the throne. Many atrocities took place. Lower clergy, monks, and peasants rebelled against the French. Spain eventually won its independence was Napoleon lost the war of the Sixth Coalition.

Confederation of the Rhine

The German___ was organized in 1806 by Napoleon in Germany. Western princes join and weaken the HRE. This allowed Francis II to takeover and become emperor of Austria.

Invasion of Russia

In 1812, Napoleon attempted an disastrous ____. Of 600,000 French troops, only 40 to 60 thousand returned to Paris. Napoleon's grand army had been destroyed.

scorched earth

Russia defeated Napoleon using a ____ policy. The Russians destroyed all food and supplies as they retreated, leaving Napoleon's men to freeze and starve in the Russian winter.

Congress of Vienna

The ___ began in September of 1814 and concluded in November of 1815. The conservative powers agreed to maintain a balance of power and aid each other in opposition to liberal and nationalistic forces.

Concert of Europe

The "___"" is a term used to describe the communications, by the Conservative Powers of Europe, in combating the growing forces of Liberalism and Nationalism.

Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh

British Foreign Secretary ___ was the key British diplomat at the Congress of Vienna.

Talleyrand

French Foreign Minister Charles Maurice de ___ got France included as a 5th great power in all deliberations of the Congress of Vienna. A brilliant diplomat, he served under Louis XVI, the Revolutionary Government, Napoleon, and Louis the XVIII.

Metternich

Austrian Foreign Minister Prince Klemens Von ____ was the major architect of the settlement at the Congress of Vienna and a major player in the Concert of Europe.

The Hundred Days

After escaping his exile on Elba, Napoleon took control of the French Forces and ruled for a period known as _____ before losing once again.

Battle of Waterloo

In the face of Napoleon's return during the Hundred Days, England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia created a coalition force and defeated Napoleon at the ___ in June of 1815.

Duke of Wellington

____ was the commander of the allied British and Prussian forces at the Battle of Waterloo. He handed Napoleon his final defeat in June of 1815.

Plebiscite

A direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal

After the French Revolution Napoleon Bonaparte used the device to secure legitimacy and approval for his rule as Consul and again for the decision to crown himself emperor