Respiratory System

FUNCTIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Delivering oxygen (O2) to the blood for transport to cells in the body. 

• Excreting the waste product of cellular respiration, carbon dioxide (CO2). 

• Filtering, cleansing, warming, and humidifying air taken into the lungs. 

• Regulating the pH of the blood. 

• Helping the production of sound for speech and singing. 

• Providing the tissue that receives the stimulus for the sense of smell, olfaction.

INSPIRATION / INHALATION

Breathing in pulls air containing oxygen into the lungs where it passes into the circulatory system. 

EXPIRATION / EXHALATION

Carbon dioxide is released when air is pushed out of the lungs.

SPIR / O

To Breath

VENTILATION

is used to describe the movement of air into the lungs, whether it is a natural or an artificial activity.

PHONATION

The function of producing sound for speech and singing is accomplished by the interaction of air and the structures of the voice box, the larynx, and the hollow cavities, the sinuses, connected to the nasal passages.

OLFACTION

is not strictly a function of respiration, it is accomplished by the tissue in the nasal cavity, which receives the stimulus for smell and routes it to the brain through the nervous system. 

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT & LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

make up the two sections of the conduction passageways. The gas exchange surfaces are the alveoli of the lungs and the cells of the body.

• NOSE

• PHARYNX

• LARYNX

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT (PARTS)

(HINT: There are 3)

• TRACHEA

• BROCHIAL TREE

• LUNGS

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT (PARTS)

(HINT: There are 3)

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

is the process of exchanging oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the lungs and the blood.

OXYGEN

O2

CARBON DIOXIDE

CO2

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

is the exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

A third type of respiration also called cellular metabolism is the use of oxygen to generate energy.

CELLULAR METABOLISM

CELLULAR RESPIRATION also known as?

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT / SYSTEM

encompasses the area from the nose to the larynx

MOUTH

Air can enter the body through the ___________?

NARES

Air can enter the body through the mouth, but for the most part, it enters the body through the ___________?

NOSTRILS

NARES also known as?

NASAL SEPTUM

Air can enter the body through the mouth, but for the most part, it enters the body through the two nares (nostrils) of the nose that are separated by the ____________?

NASAL TURBINATES

also called nasal conchae are three scroll-shaped bones (inferior, middle, and superior) that increase the surface area that air must pass over on its way to the lungs.

UPPER RESPIRATORY (6)

• NOSE

• NASAL CAVITY

• NASOPHARYNX

• OROPHARYNX

• LARYNGOPHARYNX

• LARYNX

LOWER RESIRATORY (5)

• TRACHEA

• BRONCHI

• BRONCHIOLES

• ALVEOLI

• CAPILLARIES OF LUNGS

UPPER AND LOWER RESPIRATORY (PARTS)

(HINT: This time there are 11)

NASAL CAVITY

The receptors for olfaction are located in the __________?

PARANASAL SINUSES

The receptors for olfaction are located in the nasal cavity, which is connected to the ______________, collectively named for their proximity to the nose. 

SINUS CAVITIES

in the skull is to warm and filter the air taken in and to assist in the production of sound. They are lined with a mucous membrane that drains into the nasal cavity and can be the site of painful inflammation. 

NASOPHARYNX

• Air continues to travel from the back of the nasal cavity to the ___________, a part of the throat (pharynx) behind the nasal cavity.

•  is the site of the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids), which are made of lymphatic tissue and help to protect the respiratory system from pathogens.

OROPHARYNX

Is the part of the throat posterior to the oral cavity. Is part of the digestive system as well as the respiratory system; both food and air pass through it.

LARYNGOPHARYNX

Below the oropharynx is the part of the throat referred to as the _____________ because it adjoins the opening of the larynx.

LARYNX

commonly referred to as the voicebox, is the main organ of sound production.

FALSE VOCAL FOLDS

also called the vestibular folds for their location at the entrance to the larynx, do not function in the production of speech.

VESTICULAR FOLDS

FALSE VOCAL FOLDS also known as?

TRUE VOCAL FOLDS

• Speaking and singing are controlled.

• (also termed vocal cords)

VOCAL CORDS

TRUE VOCAL FOLDS also known as?

• GLOTTIS (TWO MASCULAR FOLDS)

• RIMA GLOTTIS (SPACE BETWEEN THEM)

TRUE VOCAL FOLDS is composed of?
(HINT: There are 2)

THYROID GLAND

• Located on the anterior and inferior to the larynx.

• Normally larger and more angular in the male than in the female

THYROID CARTILAGE

consists of a pair of thin plates called laminae.

LAMINAE

These plates cover the anterior surface of the larynx, and are attached to the hyoid bone on either side with the thyrohyoid ligament.

LARYNGEAL PROMINENCE

The area where the two plates join. Commonly called the Adam’s apple.

ADAM’S APPLE

LARYNGEAL PROMINENCE also known as?

CRICOID CARTILAGE

named for its ringlike appearance, forms the lower part of the larynx, attaching it to the trachea.

ARYTENOID CARTILAGES

Is paired, located in the back upper border of the cricoid cartilage, are attached to the vocal folds and function to close them.

CORNICULATE CARTILAGE

 are located at the tip of the cricoid cartilage.

CUNIFORM CARTILAGES

• Wedge shaped.

• are in front of the corniculate cartilage. 

TRACHEA

Windpipe, which extends from the larynx into the chest cavity. Lies within the space between the lungs called the mediastinum. 

MEDIASTINUM

The trachea lies within the space between the lungs called the _____________?

BRONCHI

• a keel-shaped cartilage where the right and left airways called divide into smaller branches. 

• Bronchus

• RUL (RIGHT UPPER LOBE)

• RML (RIGHT MIDDLE LOBE)

• RLL (RIGHT LOWER LOBE)

• LUL (LEFT UPPER LOBE)

• LLL (LEFT LOWER LOBE)

The right lung is made up of three lobes, whereas the left has only two.

(HINT: There are 5)

LINGULA

is the area where the superior and inferior segments appear on the left lung. 

BRONCHIOLES

• At the end of the segmental bronchi are still smaller branches called _____________.

• These end in terminal bronchioles that branch to respiratory bronchioles.

ALVEOLI

• The respiratory bronchioles extend into microscopic ducts capped by air sacs called ___________.

• It is at this point that O2 is diffused across cell membranes into the blood cells, and CO2 is diffused out to be expired. 

• GOBLET CELLS

• CILIATED BASALS

The cells that line the respiratory tract include ____________ (that produce mucus) and ____________ (also termed “stem”) ________ (that help cleanse the lining).

• TYPE I CELLS

• TYPE II CELLS

The epithelial lining of the alveoli is composed of?

TYPE I CELLS

are responsible for gas exchange

TYPE II CELLS

produce a substance called surfactant that keeps the lung from collapsing.

SURFACTANT

TYPE II CELLS produce a substance called?

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• is important in the maintenance of the acidity and alkalinity of the blood through regulation of the pH. 

HEMOGLOBIN

RBCs contain a protein that increases the potential amount of oxygen that can be carried by the blood.

OXYHEMOGLOBIN

The oxygen binds with HEMOGLOBIN protein now called?

MITOCHONDRIA

OXYHEMOGLOBIN continues its ride to the cells where it is given off to be used in cellular respiration by the power plants of the cell.

KIDNEYS

• are responsible for monitoring and adjusting the concentration of bicarbonate ions, recycling them back into the bloodstream as needed, and excreting excess hydrogen ions into the urine. 

PLEURA

Each lung is also enclosed by a double-folded, serous membrane called the ______________

VISCERAL PLEURA

The side of the membrane that coats the lungs is the ______________

PARIETAL PLEURA

the side that lines the inner surface of the rib cage is the ______________

SEROUS FLUID

• The two sides of the pleural membrane that facilitates the expansion and contraction of the lungs with each breath. 

DIAPHRAGM

The muscles responsible for normal, quiet respiration are the dome-shaped.

INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

the muscles between the ribs.

adenoid/o

adenoid

• pneum/o

• aer/o

air (Combining Forms)

alveol/o

alveolus

bas/o

base

bronchiol/o

bronchiole

capn/o

carbon dioxide

• steth/o

• thorac/o

• pector/o

chest (Combining Forms)

• diaphragm/o

• diaphragmat/o

diaphragm

epiglott/o

epiglottis

salping/o

eustachian tube

laryng/o

larynx (voicebox)

• lob/o

• lobul/o

lobe

• pulmon/o

• pneumon/o

• pneum/o

lung

mediastin/o

mediastinum

• or/o

• stomat/o

mouth

muc/o

mucus

• nas/o

• rhino/o

nose

• ox/i

• ox/o

oxygen (Combining forms)

pharyng/o

pharynx (throat)

pleur/o

pleura

apic/o

point, tip, apex

cost/o

rib

sept/o

septum, wall

• sinus/o

• sin/o

sinus

phon/o

sound

• spir/o

• hal/o

to breath

lingu/o

tongue

tonsil/o

tonsil

trache/o

trachea (windpipe)

viscer/o

viscera

• pariet/o

• sept/o

wall

out

ex-

in

in-