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Prevention and Public Health Fund
The Affordable Care Act established a new source of funding for public health known as the
increase available resources
Prevention and Public Health Funds have been used to replace rather than
policing and from expectations that government would serve individuals unable to provide for themselves
Historically, states had authority over health through
Public health workforce
The individuals involved in carrying out the core functions and essential services of public health
definition of public health worker.
Estimating the size of the public health workforce is challenging because of uncertainties about the
2000s
There's been a decline in the governmental public health workforce since
2008 economic recession
Further reductions in the public health workforce was influenced by the
291,000
How many governmental public health workers were identified in the 2014 enumerations
50%
What percentage of the 2014 workforce works in local, settings?
30%
What percentage of the 2014 workforce works in state settings?
20%
What percentage of the 2014 workforce works in federal settings?
Whites
The workforce is majorly made up of
22%
What percentage of the PH workforce intends to leave for retirement?
25%
What percentage of the PH workforce intends to leave for other reasons?
41%
What percentage of the PH workforce intends to leave ?
Public health physicians (116k) Physician assistant (76k) Agency leadership (71k) Nurse (64k) Nutritionist (59k)
The five highest paid public health workers are
14%
What percentage of the PH workforce has formal education?
30%
What percentage of the PH workforce have advanced degree?
5%
What percentage of the PH workforce has a doctoral degree?
25%
What percentage of the PH workforce has a masters degree?
37%
What percentage of the PH workforce has a bachelors degree?
15%
What percentage of the PH workforce has an associate degree?
18%
What percentage of the PH workforce has no college degree?
front line entry level staff, program management and supervisory level staff senior management/executive level positions
What are the three levels in public health workforce?
Budget and financial management (55%) systems and strategic thinking (49%) Vision for healthy community (45%) Change management (43%) cross-sectoral partnerships (38%) cultural competency (31%) Data for decision-making (28%) Effective communication (18%)
Cross Cutting Skills Training Needs as Reported in PHWINS 2017 Survey are
promoting shared priorities with an integrated approach
According to the CDC, PH workforce and public health can benefit by
Data for decision crosscutting competencies quality standards for training training decision tools and access funding integration
The five shared priorities by the CDC
the Beaumont Foundation, ASTHO, + > 30 national public health members associations, federal agencies & other partners
The PH WINS survey was developed in 2013 by
the National Consortium for Public Health Workforce Development
The PH WINS survey is known as
2014, 2017, 2021
The PH WINS survey was fielded in
The PH WINS survey
The only nationally representative source of data about the governmental public health workforce is
To help health agencies understand workforce strengths, gaps, and opportunities to improve skills, training and employee engagement To inform and guide future workforce research and development (Retention and recruitment efforts) To support the workforce in modernizing their traditional public health roles to meet the evolving needs of the public To identify demographic trends and their implications for the workforce
All of the following are The PH WINS survey goals
Insufficient pay (46%) Lack of advancement (40%) Workplace environment (31%) Job satisfaction (26%) Lack of support (26%) Creativity and innovation Communication between staff and leadership
What are the motivations to leave the workforce and their percentages?
Access needs Communicate value Equip future leaders
The PH community must improve its ability to
Health equity (85%) The quality of social systems (75%) K-12 system (63%) Quality of housing (59%) Economy (56%) Built environment (55%) The quality of transportation (53%)
PH agencies should get involved in
to promote and provide for general welfare and to regulate commerce
The historic role of the federal government in PH system is
providing incentives and or withholding funding on state and local programs
The role of the federal government changed after 1935 by
Medicare and Medicaid programs
After 1965, the federal government emerged as major purchaser of health care through
the mid-1800s.
The first state health department was founded in Massachusetts in
1911
First county health department created in Washington State in
The Department of Health and Human Services, including CDC and seven other Public Health Service Agencies
What is the principal agency for protecting the health of all Americans?
more than ¼
What portion of the total federal budget is spent on health?
10%
What percentage of the total federal budget is spent on public health?
10% since 2010
The funding for the CDC has declined over?
The office of the of the Surgeon General
Who oversees the operations of the 6,000 member Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service?
The office of the of the Surgeon General, under the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health
Who is the nations doctor and where are they housed?
To articulate the best available scientific information to the public regarding ways to improve personal health and the health of the nation To advise the Assistant Secretary on public health crises as needed
All of these are the duties of the Surgeon General
1946 in Atlanta, GA
The CDC was formed as a vision of Dr. Joseph Mountain (past surgeon general) in
in controlling communicable disease outbreaks
The CDC was founded to support state and local health units
near Emory University
The CDC was originally built in 1947
main epidemiological and assessment agency for the nation.
The CDC is the
publishes Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
The CDC
Center for Health Statistics that collects data on U.S. population concerning all aspects of health
The CDC is the
Xavier Becerra
Who is the current secretary of health?
Vivek Murthy, MD
Who is the current surgeon general?
Rochelle Walensky
Who is the current CDC director?
4.0 trillion
What is the total federal outlay for 2017?
591 billion
What is the net federal medical outlays for 2017?
Social security(23%) Medicare (15%) Nondefense (15%) Defense (15%) Medicaid and other insurance (11%) others (14%) Net interest (7%)
Total federal spending for 2017 are
Medicare (644,827) Medicaid (418,681) Discretionary programs (97,167) Children's entitlement programs (33,564) TANF (16,502)
The department of health and human services budget for FY 2019 is
Chronic disease (1.187) HIV, hepatitis, STD, TB (1.132) PH preparedness/response (857) immunization (798) injury prevention (648) Emerging/zootonic infection (620)
Majority of the CDC's enacted budget for 2019 was on
29, 21 , umbrella organization
In 2016, _ state public health agencies were freestanding while _ were a unit of a larger combined state health and human services agency, referred to as an
27
How many states have a decentralized or largely decentralized LHD- Local government led and retain authority over most fiscal decisions?
14
How many states have a largely centralized governance structure- State retains authority over most fiscal decisions
5
How many states have a mixed governance system in which state employees lead some local health departments while locals lead others?
4
How many states have a shared governance system in which state or local government employees lead local health?
Coordinate activities of local health agencies and provide funding Collect and analyze data Laboratory services Manage Medicaid License and certify medical personnel, facilities, and services Environment, mental health, social services, and aging may be handled by separate agencies
The following are functions of State Health Departments
Data collection, epidemiology and surveillance Population based primary prevention services (tobacco, HIV, STDs) Laboratory services Maternal and Child Health Services
The following services are frequently provided by state agencies
$84
The median per capita expenditure of state health department in 2016 was
federal (48%) state (36%) fees (6%) NGO (10%)
The source of capita expenditure of state health department in 2016 was
local health agencies in the US; more than 2500
Who are the boots on ground in the US and how many are there?
62% serve small jurisdictions < 50,000 people 33% serve jurisdictions between 50,000-499,000 people 6% serve jurisdictions with more than 500,000 people.
What is the distribution of local health agencies by population?
69% serve single counties 8% serve multi-counties 20% serve cities or towns 3% serve multiple cities and towns.
What is the distribution of local health agencies by location?
$48; a decrease of 24% since 2008
What was the median per capita expenditure of local health department in 2016?
local (30%) state (21%) federal funds passed through state (17%) federal funds directed to local agency (17%) Medicaid or Medicare (12%) fees and fines (8%)
The major sources of funding for local health department are
147,000
Total full-time equivalent (FTE) employees for local health department in 2016 was
8 (< 25,000) 27 (<100,000) 58 (<500,000) 230 (>500,000)
Median number of FTEs for local health department per serving populations was?
the effectiveness of Local Health Departments
Uneven distribution of staff and funding (cut since 2008) across urban and rural areas is a major challenge to
consolidation of agencies cross jurisdictional sharing of services basic minimum set of PH services to be provided
To strengthen the capacity of LHDs, public health leaders have considered the following
Communicable disease control Chronic disease and injury prevention Environmental public health Maternal, child, and family health Access to and linkage w/clinical care
The following are the foundational areas of LHD
Assessment All hazards preparedness/response Policy development/support Communications Community partnership development Organizational competencies
The following are the foundational services/capabilities of LHD
leadership/governance health equity accountability/performance management financial management legal
Organizational competencies include the following
Communities the health care delivery system employers and business the media academia
The following are NGOs and Non- Health Related Governmental Agencies in Public Health
to identify ways to improve policy decisions in multiple sectors promoting job stability improving neighborhood safety increase transportation options
Goals of health in all policies are
the power and duty of the state to ensure the conditions for people to be healthy and the limitations on the state's power to constrain autonomy, privacy, liberty, and proprietary interests of individuals and businesses
Gostin (2000) defines public health law as
Constitutionally based law - Right to bear arms; Freedom of Speech Legislatively based law - EPA, FDA Administratively based law (AKA rules and regulations)- Smoking bans Judicially based law - Roe v Wade
Types of laws in the US and examples
state
Most public health laws are enacted and enforced at what level of government?
regulate interstate and international commerce and to provide for the general welfare
The U.S. Constitution gives the federal government the authority to
Healthcare system
all aspects of the overall organization, financing, and provision of personal healthcare services (medical care for individuals) for the prevention and treatment of disease, illness, and injury in the United States.
Healthcare delivery system
specific groups of healthcare providers (doctors, hospitals, clinics, etc.) within the U.S. healthcare system that are responsible for providing healthcare to the populations they serve.
Individual (patient) Relationship (healthcare team) Community (health system infrastructure) Societal (healthcare policy)
The four level model of the US Healthcare system are
CDC NIH HRSA AHRQ FDA
What are the HHS agencies
Centres for Medicare and Medicaid services
Which service is responsible for Medicare, Medicaid, and CHIP?
IOM AMA PCORI
The nongovernmental scientific and professional organizations are
Employer-provided Charity care Public clinics for communicable diseases Community health centers Medicare and Medicaid (passed in the 1960s) Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP)
The US insurance programs include
20%
What percentage of the 65 US population is uninsured?
2010
The Affordable Care Act was passed in
Everyone over 65 is eligible plus younger people who are disabled
Medicare is part of the social security system and is meant for _
Part A: hospital insurance Part B: voluntary, monthly premium; covers doctor bills and other outpatient costs Part D: Prescription drug plan (started in 2006).
The parts of Medicare are
federal and state governments
Medicaid is a welfare program for the poor and its cost is shard by _
Note
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