Lecture_7_-'_Long_Term_Memory_Encoding_Consolidation_and_Retrieval_Spring_2025

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

The system of memory responsible for the storage of information over an extended period.

Encoding

The process of acquiring information and transforming it into memory.

Retrieval

The process of transferring information from long-term memory back into working memory.

Maintenance rehearsal

Repetition of stimuli to maintain information but does not transfer it to long-term memory.

Elaborative rehearsal

Using meanings and connections to help transfer information to long-term memory.

Levels of Processing Theory

The theory that memory retention depends on the depth of processing during encoding.

Shallow processing

Involves little attention to meaning, focusing on physical features, and results in poor memory.

Deep processing

Involves close attention to meaning, which leads to better memory retention.

Visual imagery

The creation of visual images to enhance memory encoding.

Self-reference effect

The phenomenon where individuals remember information better if it relates to themselves.

Generation effect

Improved memory when individuals generate the material themselves.

Cued recall

A retrieval method where clues are provided to aid the recall process.

State-dependent learning

Better memory recall when a person's internal state during retrieval matches the state during encoding.

Transfer-appropriate processing

The principle that memory performance improves if the type of processing during encoding matches during retrieval.

Consolidation

The process that transforms new memories from a fragile state to a more permanent state.

Synaptic consolidation

Rapid processes at synapses that stabilize memories.

Systems consolidation

Gradual reorganization of neural circuits involved in memory retention.

Retrograde amnesia

Loss of memory for events that occurred before a trauma.

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to form new memories after an injury or trauma.

Multiple trace model

A theory suggesting the hippocampus is activated during retrieval of both recent and remote memories.

Reconsolidation

The process where retrieved memories become fragile and are re-stabilized again.

Spacing effect

Memory is better for multiple short study sessions rather than one long session.

Illusion of learning

The misconception that familiarity indicates comprehension.