Animal Anatomy

Flashcards in the FILL_IN_THE_BLANK style to help you review the lecture notes.

The digestive system includes digestion in the mouth, digestion in the stomach, and digestion in the __.

small intestine

In the mouth, __ breaks down starch into maltose.

amylase

In the stomach, __ breaks down protein into peptones.

pepsin

In the small intestine, bile, which is produced by the __ and released by the gall bladder, aids in the digestion of fats.

liver

The small intestine is the primary __ of absorption.

site

Excess glucose is stored in the liver and muscles as __.

glycogen

Excess proteins are broken down in the liver by __.

deamination

Fats (lipids) are stored in __ tissue in the skin and around organs.

adipose

The blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and __.

blood plasma

Red blood cells contain __ which allows reversible binding of oxygen.

hemoglobin

White blood cells are also known as __.

leukocytes

__ involves phagocytes engulfing and digesting bacteria.

Phagocytosis

The surface of blood cells contains __ which can cause clumping if incompatible blood types are mixed.

antigens

The process of blood ___ prevents further blood loss and entry of foreign particles.

clotting

The three types of blood vessels in the circulatory system are arteries, veins, and __.

capillaries

Arteries carry blood __ from the heart.

away

Veins carry blood __ the heart.

towards

The __ connects small arteries (arterioles) to small veins (venules).

capillaries

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the __.

vena cava

Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the lungs via the __.

pulmonary veins

The trachea divides into two tubes called the __.

bronchi

The cavity at the top of the trachea is called the __.

larynx

The trachea is held permanently open by C-shaped rings of __.

cartilage

secrete mucus that trap foreign particles in the trachea and bronchi.

Gland cells

Bronchioles branch into the finest conducting branches called __.

terminal bronchioles

The numerous __ in the lungs provide a large surface area for gas exchange.

alveoli

Breathing in is known as inhalation or __.

inspiration

Breathing out is known as exhalation or __.

expiration

During inhalation, the __ contracts and flattens.

diaphragm

During exhalation, the diaphragm __ and arches upwards.

relaxes

Each lung lies in the pleural cavity, which is lined by two __.

pleural membranes

The volume of the thorax and lungs change in __.

unison

The wall of the thorax is supported by the __ and its floor consists of the diaphragm.

ribs

The __ is the cup-like structure where each nephron begins in the cortex.

Bowman's Capsule

The part of the tubule that makes a U-turn in the medulla is known as the __.

loop of Henle

The tubule then opens into a __ which runs straight into the medulla and opens into the renal pelvis.

collecting duct

__ refers to the maintenance of a constant internal environment.

Homeostasis

The outer cornified layer of the epidermis is __.

water-resistant

The __ layer of the epidermis produces melanin pigments.

malpighian

__ glands open into hair follicles and produce an oily substance called sebum.

Sebaceous

__ glands play a major role in regulating body temperature through perspiration.

Sweat

The __ acts as an insulating layer, preventing excessive loss of thermal energy.

subcutaneous fat layer

Examples of the self-corrective mechanisms includes:

regulation of blood glucose concentration, regulation of blood water potential and regulation of body temperature

The __ gland secretes growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, gonad-stimulating hormone, and ADH.

pituitary

__ from the thyroid controls metabolic rate

Thyroxine

Adrenaline from the __ gland prepares the body for fight or flight.

Adrenal

__ from the pancreas regulates the amount of blood glucose.

Insulin

__ from the testes is responsible for the development of primary and secondary characteristics in males.

Testosterone

__ and Progesterone from the ovaries controls growth of uterus and secondary characteristics in females

Oestrogen

__ receive nerve impulses from other neurones.

Dendrites

Neurons building blocks of the __

nervous system

__ a layer of fatty substances which insulates the axon.

Myelin sheath

__: nerve fibres that transmit nerve impulses away from the cell body

Axon

The brain consist of three parts:

Fore-brain, Mid-brain and Hind-brain

Each spinal nerve divides into two roots just before it joins the spinal cord:

dorsal root and ventral root

During reproduction strategies Fish and Frog / amphibian __

Lay eggs

During reproduction strategies Hen / Bird __

Lay eggs

During reproduction strategies Kangaroo / mammal __

Give birth alive

Lack of water, reproduction happened at __

rainy season

The erectile organ of the male reproductive system is called __.

penis

Sperms are produced in the __.

testes

__ are located in a pair of scrotal sacs (or scrotum), outside the body as development of sperms requires a temperature lower than the body temperature

Testes

__ and seminal vesicle secrete fluid which mixes with sperms

Prostate gland

This mixture secreted which mixes with sperms is called __

semen

The __, which are temporarily stored in the epididymis, are dormant and immobile

Sperms

__ Have thick, muscular walls. Seminal vesicle opens into each sperm duct. Sperms pass through the sperm duct to the urethra

Sperm ducts (or vas deferens)

The __ is where the oocytes are produced

Ovaries

__ tubes is where fertilization happened

Fallopian

__ has a mucus lining called andometrium where fertilize egg will implanted

Uterus

Has sperm duct carries sperm and transport urine

Urethra

__ tube which transports semen

Urethra

Sperms consists of what ?

Head, a middle piece and a flagellum

Gametes have __

23 chromosomes

Uterine cycle is the cyclic events that occur in the __

endometrium

Menses is a sign of __

puberty

Ovarian cycle is the cyclic events that occurs in the __

ovaries

The __ follicle ruptures and releases the ovum into the oviduct

Graafian

The Graafian follicle ruptures and releases the ovum into the oviduct __

ovulation

There is a high chance of a woman getting pregnant should she engage in copulation (or mating / sexual intercourse) during __

fertile period

After the release from an ovary , an ovum has life expectancy for __

1 to 2 days