AP Bio - Cell Signaling

Paracrine Signaling

A form of cell communication where a cell produces signals to its nearby cells at affect their behavior and functions. (Local Signaling)

Receptor

Chemical structures, composed of protein, that receive and responds to signals from other cells or the environment.

Direct Contact in Plants

Plasmodesmata

Direct Contact in Animals

Gap Junctions

Endocrine Signaling

Long distance signaling (blood stream)

Direct Signaling

Cells communicate through physical contact, often via cell junctions such as gap junctions in plants or intercellular junctions in animals.

Autocrine Signaling

A form of cell communication where a cell releases chemical messengers that bind to receptors on its own surface

Ligands

molecule that binds to the receptor

Signal Transduction

when the ligand-proteins changes its shape and somehow starts to catalyze a reaction which leads to a response

Signal perception

when the ligands latches to the receptor

Quorum Signaling in bacteria

Bacterial quorum sensing is a system of chemical communication where bacteria release and detect signaling molecules to sense their population density, allowing them to coordinate group behaviors.

Quorum sensing in Alii vibrio fishery

Alii vibrio fishery uses quorum sensing to coordinate bioluminescence and host colonization.

Hormones

Hormones are chemical messengers that coordinate bodily functions by traveling through the bloodstream to tissues and organs, signaling cells what to do and when to do.

Hormone secreted by the Pituitary Gland

Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH)

Hormone secreted by the Thyroid Gland

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

Membrane Receptor

Integral proteins (receptors) which is embedded in the cell membrane

Induced fit

describes how an enzyme's active site isn't rigid but conformationally adapts upon binding with a substrate, creating a optimal fit to facilitate catalysis.

Intracellular receptors

receptor proteins found on the inside of the cell, typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus (hydrophobic in most cases)

Cell Surface receptor

they are proteins embedded in a cell's membrane that receive external signals and convert them into internal cellular responses

GPCR

G-Protein Coupled Receptors bind extracellular ligands and activate a G-protein by causing GDP to be replaced with GTP. The activated G protein then triggers intracellular signaling pathways, often using second messengers, to produce a cellular response.

Kinases

Adds phosphate group

Phosphatase

Removes phosphate group

cAMP

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate is a crucial second messenger molecule which acts as a temporary "on/off" switch in intracellular signal transduction.

GDP and GTP

Guanosine Diphosphate and Guanosine Triphosphate

MAP-K

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase