Studied by 1 personThe Cold War
1945-1991
Ongoing hostility between the USSR vs West (US, GB, etc) that never developed into direct warfare
battle of ideologies vs armies
Causes of Cold war
US needed to disband communism and wants utopian democratic society
Stalin wanted to spread communism
wants a buffer state between USSR + Germany
Feb 1946: Stalin gives belligerent speech
never holds free elections in communist states
Long telegram
March 1946: Churchill gives Iron Curtain speech
E Berlin turns Communist; Stalin wants to keep them weak
US/west disagree; Stable Germany = stable central Europe
Long telegram
George Kennam
only way to deal with USSR was to be tough and forceful
saw stalin’s belligerent speech; extremely alarmed
US containment policy
ideological/policy component
truman doctrine
economic component
marshall plan
military component
NATO
Truman Doctrine - Context
1947
Turkey and Greece are undergoing political crisis - non-communists vs communists
US and USSR support each side respectively
GB too bankrupt to support
Truman Doctrine
March 2nd, 1947
US must help non-communist countries who are threatened by communism
congress agrees; $ is supplied to Greece and Turkey
Atomic diplomacy
USSR wants international control of atomic weapons but US opposes
US want nuclear monopoly
Baruch Plan
All fissionable material would be put under international control IF the US agreed to share their “secrets” (scientific, technological, etc)
REJECTED
Results in nuclear arms race
Stalin’s belligerent speech
Feb 1946
warns about dangers of communism
Inevitable conflict between communism and capitalism
communism must/will prevail over capitalism
Churchill’s Iron curtain speech
March 1946
Iron wall between E and W Europe
W doesn’t know whats going on in communist E
calls for unity between GB and US
Mr. X article
July 1947 - Kennan
If we can keep communism contained and stop its spread, it’ll eventually fall apart on its own
becomes basis for US containment policy
Marshall Plan
1948-1951: $12.4 billion aid
US provides $ to help Euro countries rebuild and avoid communist influences on them
Berlin Blockade
1948
Stalin blockades Berlin; wants to drive W out by cutting off supplies
Berlin Airlift
1948
W powers fly supplies into Berlin
no way to stop the planes
Stalin eventually backs down
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Permanent military alliances with most W Euro countries, canada, US to stop the spread of communism
caused by Berlin Blockade and Berlin Airlift
Warsaw Pact
1955
Alliance between E Euro Soviet countries and USSR against NATO/capitalism
response to NATO
Christian democrats - characteristics
dominated by Progressive Catholics
faith in capitalism and representative democracy
combine social reforms and political change
economic miracle - US Marshall plan
Common Christian and democratic heritage
reject authoritarianism and nationalism
LIBERAL
Christian Democrats - people
Italy - Alcide de Gaspevi
France - Robert Schumann
W Germany - Konrad Adenawer
Economic Miracle - US Marshall Plan
aid jump-starts economic recovery
W Euro governments make economic growth #1 priority
Willingness of people to sacrifice and work hard; short term pain and long term gain
Ludwig Erhard
W Germany Finance minister
wants free-market capitalism but kept social welfare systems
removed emergency measures from post-war period
successful by 1950s because of support and co-operative population
Sean Monnet
France Finance minister
mixed system with some elements of socialist democrats
nationalization of the banks and some industries while ALSO encouraging private business
successful
Moves towards Euro unity
Schumann Plan
Treaty of Rome
Schumann Plan
1950 - Schumann and Monet
create one large W Euro market for coal and steel industry with France, W Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg
results in Euro coal and steel community - make these 6 countries so economically intertwined they can’t wage war
Treaty of Rome
1957
Forms European Economic Community/Euro Common Market with Fr, Belgium, Neth, W Germ, Lux, and Italy
Gradual elimination of tariffs between members
free movement of capital and labor between members
commence economic policies to est. common econ. institutions
each region can specialize their economy
forerunner to the EU
Charles de Gauelle - French nationalism
1958: head of 5th Republic
wants to restore Fr greatness and glory; sees US as main threat to true Fr and Euro independence
1962: pulls Fr out of NATO and pursues own atomic weapons
vetoes “pro-US” GB membership into common market TWICE
Decolonization of Euro Empires
1947-1962: almost all possessions are independent
reflects decline of Euro power post-WW2 but infl of W ideals remains strong in Asian and Africa
westernization continues
Post 1945 Europeans go 2 different directions
willing to let empires go and focus on rebuilding home
Neo-colonialism
Decolonization - Nationalism
Post-ww1 demands abt nationalsim, self-determination, and racial equality spread to all classes
economic hardship of GB, Fr and drafts makes colonies angry
nationalist leaders increase their demands
Rus rev encourages nationalism and USSR supports nationalist movements
neo-colonialism
increased economic dominance of Euro countries over colonies AND destabilizing political independence movements
unsuccessful in the long run
Indian independence
nationalism channeled towards W parliamentary system
Ghandi: preaches about non-violent opposition
initially GB granted limited reforms and autonomy
Post ww1 - declines
1947: indian independence gained
indian - largely Hindu
Palestine - muslim
china independence
Mao Ze Dong: leninist model for china’s independence
most asian countries will either use Indian or Chinese model
Independence movements - timeline
1946: US grants Philippines independence
1947: Indian and Palestinian independence
1948: GB grants Sri Lanka and Burma independence
1949: Indonesia gains independence
1948: Israel is created
Israel - jewish state
Jordan - arab state
1955: Vietnam split into N (Communist) and S (non-communist)
France and Indo-China
Indo-china: laos, vietnam, cambodia
Fr try to re-establish control of Indo-China
1954: Vietnamese victory against Fr
Fr relinquish control of vietnam
international agreement that divides vietnam into N (communist) and S (non-communist)
Israel conflict
1948: israel is created as a jewish nationalist state
Israel - Jews
Jordan - Arabs
Aranbs unite in opposistion to Israel
attack Israel but lose
begins continuious Arab-Israeli conflict
1948: egytian defeat against israel
1952: Natioanlist revolution with Gen. Nasser
1956: Gen. Nasser: nationalized sious canal
1952: Second Arab-Israeli war
caused by GB, Fr, and Israel invading Egypt
US and Soviets interevene and conflict stops
1961: Belgians grant the Congo independence
no time for a stable government to emerge so instability becomes the norm
1962: Algeria’s independence is recognized
France and Algeria
many consider Algeria to be considered part of Fr
independence conflict becomes violent
1958: Charles de Gaulle is put back into power
1962: Algerian independence is recognized
Sub-Saharan Africa - deconlonization
GB and Fr give aid to the economy of Sub-saharan african countries and increase economics after colonization
Stalin - post WW1
returns to rigid dictatorship
created the “American Threat” he imagined
repressed millions of Soviets
1/2 of men died and large-scale purges begin
1949: Jews defined as “Pro-Western” and persecuted
industry and military are #1 priority; standard of living plummets
Stalinist system spreads to E Euro; 1-party state with red army to support them
religion is outlawed
industry is nationalized
ideological indoctrination
middle classes stripped of possessions
1953: Stalin dies
Yugoslavia
only successfful opposition to USSR in E Euro
Under control of Tito
1948: Tito broke from Soviet control but remains a communist state
De-Stalinization
almost everyoone recognized reforms are necessary
secret police curbed and most gulags closed
economic changes; agriculture is currently devastated
recgonized soviets are isolated bc of strong W alliances formed by Stalin’s aggressive foreign policy
1955: changes in soviet leadership
Nikito Khruschev
(R: 1955-1964)
1956: Secret Speech: denounced Stalin’s purges and crimes
strengthens reformers and de-Stalinization
standard of living improves
economy becomes more responsive to people’s needs
censorship and oppression is somewhat lessened
adopts “peaceful co-existence” with West
relaxation in USSR generates hope in E Euro
some rebellions occur
Rebellions under USSR
1956: Poland - Gomillea eases dictatorship + reforms but stays loyal to the Warsaw pact; gets away with it bc USSR never really had extreme control of Poland
1956: Hungary - new movement of liberal communist leads come into power
push USSR troops out
pull out of Warsaw pact
USSR send in tanks and troops to crush revolt
1957: Soviets launch Sputnik and freak the US out
fear of communists abt losing power
US shifts from containment policy to eradication
“Dr. Zhivago”
1956 - Boris Posternak
testament to triumph of human values and spirit
De-Stalinization
slightly loosened control of USSR over E Bloc
“A day in the life of ivan Denisovich” and “The Gulag Archipelago”
Alexander Solzhemitsyu
Exposes realities of the Gulags
kicked out but not killed
Peaceful co-existence
possible for Communists and USSR to peacefully co-exist with the W
1955: Geneva Summit - goes well between Khruschenv and Eisenhower; cold war tensions ease up
USSR and crisis
1950: second berlin crisis - Kruschnev tries to provoke crisis but is unsuccessful
1960: U2 Crisis
1961: Third Berlin Crisis
1962: Cuban missle crisis
U2 Crisis
1960
US sends U2 planes over USSR to spy on them
USSR knows but ignores bc they can’t shoot planes down
1960: USSR captures and shoots down U2 plane
Third Berlin Crisis
1961
Berlin wall is being built; US and USSR square off
Cuban Missle crisis
1962
Kruschnev tries to install USSR nuclear missle sites in Cuba but is caught by US
results:
JFK challeges Kruschnev; Kruschnev backs off
1964: Kruschnev is removed from power
Leonid Brezhnev
1964-1982
poliices of RE-stalinization
no further reforms
no further humiliation by US
massive build up of nuclear power by USSR
never ends up provoking US
USSR and Czechslovakia
1968: Alexander Dubchek tries to launch reforms
believed communists and democrats could go hand in hand
tries to democratize Czeschslovakia while remaining loyal to Communist economy and Warsaw pact
other E euro leaders follow his example
begin beggin Soviets to stop Dubchek
USSR sent 1/2 mil troops into Czechslovakia to remove Dubcheck and reforms
Brezhnev Doctrine
USSR will intervene in communist countries as they see fit
Post WW2 scientific and technological advancements
Atomic bomb
“Big Science”
large scientific organizations
Space Race
1957: Sputnik: 1st man-made satellite is launched by USSR
1958: US creates NASA and National Defense Education Act
1961: USSR puts 1st man in orbit
JFK pledges to put man on the moon by end of decade
1969: Neil Armstrong lands on the moon
European Brain Drain
1950's-1960s: Euro scientists are leaving for the US
1970s: Euro Big Science begins catching up
effects of scientific and tech advancement
extreme specialization - rate of discovery is so rapid, scientists must focus on 1 topic
team model
new group of scientific bureaucrats and administrations emerges
more government regulation and environmental protection
science becomes increasingly dependent on government funding
science becomes extremely competitive
Post WW2 Society
more social mobility
middle class changes
lower classes become more open and flexible
regulatory welfare state
standard of living improves
causes of changes to middle class
need for managers and bureaucrats
based on specialized skills
effects of changes to middle class
class is opened up bc anyone from any class can acquire increased access to education
changes in lower class
more open and flexible
move from rural areas to cities
working class stops growing in cities because of transition to service-based economy
increased education
Regulatory welfare state
more and expanded social welfare programs
national healthcare, family allowances, maternity leave, low-income housing, unemployment insurance
improvements in standard of living
buy lots of consumer goods
more accessible
less visble debt with social welfare programs
huge increase in leisure time and activity and travel
widespread car ownership
Youth culture
1960s: become more leftist
results in counter-culture
increasingly against middle class conformity, racism, and imperialism
sexual revolution
protests emerge out of universities
liberal arts vs practical education
Sexual revolution
1960s
Started by invention of birth control pill
people have more sex
more unmarried couples living together
university protests
want simple, purer society because of increased rapid tech
universities are overcrowded because of baby boom
students are increased say in how students are run
Student revolts in Paris
1960
Students demanded cirricular changes amd more decision making power
others engage in “Non-left” critique on society; criticizing society from non-Soviet Marxist POV
May 1968: spontaneous general strikes
De Gaulle sends in troops and calls for new elections
his party wins because people are not in support of revolution
ends idealism of the 1960s and shift to conflict of uncertainty of 1970s and 1980s
increase in european immigration - cold war
increased immigration causes changes to religious and cultural life
more immigration to central/w euro because of econ development in 1950s-60s
1970: economic downturn; immigrant families become targets of anti-immigration movements and extreme political parties
patterns of post cold war migration
small farmers leave rural areas for urban areas within countries
migrant workers immigrate to urban centers for jobs
Guest-worker programs
implemented by countries to recruit labor
ex: W Germany
1970s: foreign guest workers = 12% of workforce in W Germany and Fr
immigrants aren’t always welcome
victims of extreme nationalist parties
ex: French National Front; anti-immigration
tend to live in ethnic enclaves
impact of multi-culturalism and ethnic diversity - cold war
contributions to food, literature, and film
muslim immigrants - extremists cause hyper-nationalist reactions against muslim immigrants
face increased immigration limits
conflicting arguments and views within countries when it comes to culture and migrants
some welcome diversity; others oppose new cultures and people
detente
1970
deliberate lessening of cold war tensions
willy brandt, nixon, and communist poland
later Jimmy Carter
1970: willy brandt visits communist poland
ostpolitic
treaties with USSR, Poland, and Czeschslovakia
1975: Helinski accords
1979: USSR invades Afghanistan
Late 1970’s: Detente has faded
Brandt starts detente
nixon broadens detente
ostpolitic
Eastern Politics - pursued by Willy Brandt
formally recognizes existing boundaries in exchange for mutual remediations of force
Willy Brandt
chancellor of W Germany
1970: visits Communist Poland
pursued ostpolitic
makes treaties USSR, Poland, and Czechslovakia
entered negotiations with E Germ while not pursuing re-unification
brandt starts detente
why does detente fail
USSR and E Euro ignore human rights provisions of Helinski accords
1979: USSR invades Afghansitan
Western alliance doesn’t intervene
Pres Carter tries to impose econ sanctions on USSR but only GB agrees
helinski accords
1975
agree that boundaries in Euro won’t be changed by force and guarantees of human rights and political freedoms
35 nations sign - including US and USSR
USSR and E Euro don’t enforce human rights provisions
1980s conservatism
US - Ronald Raegan
GB - Margaret Thatcher
W Germ - Helmut Kohl
Result:
NATO Revitalized
US military increases
1970s-1980s economy
energy crisis in US and W Euro
1973: OPEC: Arab oil embargo
oil shipments cut off from ME
results in stagflation; combination of economic stagnation and inflation
inflation increase
UE decrease
push for more conservative economic policies
Margaret Thatcher - conservative economic policies
1980s
privatized industries
cut back on social welfare benefits
cracks down on unions’ powers and limits them
Post WW2 women’s movement
revival of feminism
mid-1960s: birth rates decline in W and C Euro
Sminone de Beauvoir
Betty Friedan
women want:
laws dealing with the workplace
laws abt gender and family issues
divorces, abortion, rape, domestic violence
“The Second Sex”
1949 - Simone de Beauvoir
Women are naturally free but “imprisoned” by social norms and constraints
only through creative action and self-assertion could women break free of “inferior” status
existentialist, self-determination
“The Feminine Mystique”
1963 - betty friedan
women are forced to conform to "infantilization” by the pressures of husband and children
examined women who were more educated and unfulfilled by the homefront
USSR up to 1985
1970s-1980s: USSR seemed stable
standard of living increase; gap between elites and everyone else is still big
russian nationalism - source of stability
leaders feared moves to democracy would cause non-russian ethnic groups to demand autonomy
re-stalinization under Brezhnev
changes:
growth of urban population
4x increase in scientists, technicians, managers, etc,
regime allowed free discussions BUT ONLY within certain subjects
excludes politics
result: form of public opinion can be found
USSR - Poland
never able to collectivize agriculture
never able to eliminate the catholic church
never est total control
ussr - poland: economic crisis
1970s-1980’s
causes unrest in Poland
pope john paul ii
solidarity movement
gdansk agreement
self limiting revolution
pope john paul ii
1978: becomes pope
very critical of USSR and becomes a rallying point for Poland
1981: USSR fails to assassinate him
solidarity movement
Aug 1980-1981 - led by lech Walesa
aug 1980: 16k Polish workers go on strike in Gdansk at the Lenin Shipyards
other Polish workers join in solidarity
demand free unions, right to strike, free speech and economic reforms
1981: government concedes to their demands
Gdansk agreement
1981
recognizes free unions, right to strike, free speech and economic reforms
solidarity movement - leaders’ dispute
march 1981
walesa agrees to moderate polish reforms which aggravates his more extreme followers
1981: poland under pressure from USSR
Dec 1981: USSR cracks down on Solidarity movement
outlaws solidary and arrests leaders
instills general Jaruzelski as next leader
solidarity is forced underground but thrives
Yuri Andropov
1982: Becomes new leader of USSR
grants a few moderate reforms to increase personal incentive in the economy
growing class of “experts” want increased input in decision-making too
Mikhail Gorbachev
1985: becomes leader of USSR
believes in communism but felt that USSR was behind the W and needed to catch up; USSR’s status as a world power was being hurt
wants reform to SAVE communism
believes arms race is killing the USSR
Perestroika (restructuring)
Gorbachev
easing of government price controls; gives state-run businesses more autonomy
Glasnost (openness)
Gorbachev
1986: Chernobyl disaster forces USSR to allow SOME free discussion of the events that had occurred
goes farther than anticipated when free speech and free expression dissolves concept of limited free discussion
democratization
Gorbachev
attacks on government corruption in USSR
leads to new political culture: challenging communist monopoly on power
non-rus ethinic groups demand greater autonomy
gorbachev is willing to negotiate
gorbachev foreign policy
better relationships with the west
1989: pulls USSR troops from Afghanistan
ended arms race with Raegan
I987: INF Treaty
1988: Repudiates the breschnev doctrine
Poland - 1989 revolution
1988: economic problems and solidarity movement refuse to work with military government; results on crisis
solidarity demands reforms
poland looks towards USSR, but breschnev doctrine has been repealed
agreement is reached
June 1989: new elections for seats in parliament
people ignore election rules
no communist majority or intervention from USSR
New government and reforms
Poland - new government
Reforms:
outlaw secret police
gradual replacement of communist government officials
quickly reforms to capitalist economy
Hungary - 1989 revolution
mary 1988: reform communist government in power but people want more
early 1990: free elections; rapid transision to capitalism and democracy
opens border with austria
people in communist hungary go to non-communist austria
eventually people from E Germany go to austria too
East Germany - 1989 revolution
begin fleeing towards austria
divisons between leavers and stayers arise
stayers want to make communists work with democrats; unsuccessful
nov 1989: berlin wall is built
Spring 1989: reform government allows elections
velvet revolution
Dec 1989 - Czechoslovakia
hude demonstrations in Prague
led by Vacles Havel: leader who emerges for democracy movement; elected as president when communism ends
End of USSR
Feb 1990: Gorbachev promises free elections; occur
communists take a big loss
lithuania is able to declare independence from USSR
Gorbachev places embargo on them but doesn’t send in troops
new constitution eliminates communist monopoly on power
Gorbachev is elected president but his power os failing
Boris Yeltsin
May 1990: head of russian parliament
says russia will declare independence from USSR
Aug 1991: attempted hardline communist coup
Gorbachev is kidnapped
leads massive resistance in moscow support by army
coup collapses
Dec 25, 1991: Russia and rest of countries leave USSR; USSR no longer exists
replaced by Commonwealth of Independent states
problems adapting to capitalism and democracy
never truly resolved
Note
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