biology review unit 2

Atom

contains protons, neutrons in the nucleus, and electrons in the energy levels

Proton

positive charge

in the nucleus

Neutron

neutral charge

in the nucleus

electrin

negative charge

in the energy levels

constantly moving

valence electrons

the outermost electrons

they form bonds

energy level

outermost shell

when electrons are

molecule

a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds

can be the same or different atoms

Bond

the force holding two atoms together

inorganic compounds

dont contain carbon (co2 exception)

simple molecules

from the earth

organic compound

always contains carbon

store lots of energy

originated from organisms

complex molecules

carbon cycle

biogeochemical cycle when carbon is exchanged among different parts of earth

reservoirs

1. atmosphere

2. terrestrial biosphere

3. oceans

4. earths interior

carbon dioxide

CO2

essential to photosynthesis and a product of cellular respiration

hydrocarbons

organic compounds of carbon and hydrogen, found in natural gas, oil and coal

fossil fuels

coal, oil, natural gas

they are hydrocarbons

burned for energy (combustion)

glucose

c6h12o6

sugar

calcium carbonate

a chemical compound naturally found in rocks

photosynthesis

the process of a plant making energy/food for itself to either use or store, produces oxygen and glucose

autotroph

organisms that make their own food

ex. plant

heterotroph

organisms that need food and energy from othrr things

ex. animals, humans

chloroplast

the organelle where photosynthesis occurs

thylakoid

flattened sacs in a chloroplast

contains chlorophyll

where light reaction occurs in photosynthesis

granum/grana

stacks of thylakoids

stroma

the fluid filled space in a chloroplast

stoma/stomata

the pores on the botton of a leaf

chlorophyll

the green pigment found in thylakoids that is used to trap light needed for photosynthesis

reactants

photosynthesis: water, carbon dioxide and light energy

cellular respiration: glucose and oxygen

products

photosynthesis: oxygen and glucose

cellular respiration: water, carbon dioxide and ATP

Photosynthesis steps

1. light dependant reaction

2. light independent reaction (calvin cycle)

1. light hits thylakoid and is trapped by chlorophyll, h2o goes in too and is broken down into oxygen

2. plants using the ATP from light dependent reaction and converting CO2 to glucose

Cellular respiration

cells converting glucose and oxygen into ATP

release energy

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

the energy molecule of all cells

Mitochondria

where cellular respiration mostly takes place

“the powerhouse of the cell”

3 steps of cellular respiration:

1. glycolysis

2. krebs cycle

3. electron transport chain

1. When glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid, produces 2 ATP

2. Takes pyruvic acid and converts it to CO2

3. Takes oxygen and chemical energy and makes H2O and 36 ATP

Aerobic vs Anaerobic

Aerobic: requires oxygen

Anaerobic: does not require oxygen

lactic acid fermentation

Anaerobic Muscle cells short on oxygen break down glucose into lactic acid and causes muscles to burn when exercising, 2 ATP is produced. Food like yogurt, buttermilk and sour cream made with this process

Alcoholic fermentation

Anaerobic

In yeast cells when oxygen is not available

happens in baking When yeast releases carbon dioxide bubble causing diugh to rise/expand

Another waste product: ethyl alcohol

used to make beer and wine, releases 2 ATP

Carbon cycle: what are the 4 reservoirs and now does carbon move between them

1. The atmosphere, through respiration, death/decomposition, diffusion, burning fossil fuels

2. terrestrial biosphere, through death and decomposition

3. oceans, through calcium carbonate, photosynthesis, precipitation, death and decomposition

4. earths interior, through volcanoes

photosynthesis location, steps, purpose?

location: chloroplasts

steps: light dependent reaction, light independent/ calvin cycle

purpose: store energy

cellular respiration location, steps, purpose?

location: mitochondria and cytoplasm

steps: glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

purpose: release energy for use

electron transport chain main purpose

to help turn energy from food into usable energy (ATP)

organic vs inorganic beyond carbon

organic: complex molecules, come from living organisms, stores lots of energy

inorganic: simple molecules, come from the earth

Krebs cycle inputs & outputs

inputs/reactants: acetyl CoA

outputs/products: CO2, ATP, NADH and FADH2

light dependent reaction: primary products

ATP and NADPH

these also power the calvin cycle