Western Civ. 1 Final Exam SG

STAR TERM: Edict of Milan

Who: Constantine, Christians

What: A law that legalized Christianity in an attempt t unify the empire.

When: 313

Where: Rome

Why: It made Christianity a legal religion and ended the Great Persecution which benefits Christians today. It helped speed up the growth of Christianity.

STAR TERM: The Council of Nicaea

Who: Constantine, Bishops

What: Was issued by Constantine on account of disputes among Christians about the nature of Christ. In an attempt to unify Christain belief, Constantine gathered 318 bishops to establish a standard truth for Christianity. It condemned Arianism which was a popular heresy that stated Jesus was lesser than the Father.

When: 325

Where: Nicaea

Why: It gave Christians a standard truth or the Nicene Creed which is said in Chrisitan Churches today.

How did Diocletian try to restore order in the Roman Empire?

Diocletian raised the title of emperor to dominus, gained control of the army and lowered potential rivals, revived the economy through taxation in produce, and unified the empire through the imperial cult and beginning the Great Persecution.

What was Diocletian's rationale for the persecution of Christians?

Diocletian believed that participation in the imperial cult could be used to unify the empire, but this brought him into conflict with Christianity which rejected participation. Diocletian saw this as a direct threat to the unity of the empire.

What was Diocletian's plan for governance of the empire called?

It was called the Tetrarchy. This system was also designed to solve the problem of imperial succession which had been the greatest cause of instability during the Principate

How did Constantine try to restore order in the Roman Empire?

He gave senators more power, revived the economy with the solidus, and unified the empire with Christianity. Like his predecessors, Constantine believed that religion could be used to unify the empire, but he felt Christianity was a better choice than the imperial cult. Constantine soon discovered that he had been mistaken in assuming the Christians were unified.

The Arian Controversy

The most troubling Christian conflict was the question about the nature of God. It was believed that God consisted of three persons known collectively as the Trinity. Conflict over how the three related to each other burst forth when an Alexandrian priest taught that Christ the Son was subordinate to and of a different nature from God the Father.

Which council condemned Arianism as a heresy?

Council of Nicaea

Split of the empire

In 395, the emperor Theodosius died. The Roman Empire was split between his two sons making the split between the eastern and western halves of the empire permanent.

-They each had their own administration and looked out or their own interest

-At the beginning of the fifth century, barbarian invasions began in the Western Europe

-410- Alaric and the Visigoths captured and sacked Rome

-In 476 the boy emperor Romulus was deposed by the barbarian general Odovacar

STAR TERM: Quran

Who: Muhammad, Archangel Gabriel

What: Muhammad often relocated to remote places on the outskirts of Mecca to meditate. One day, Muhummad believed he had a vision of the archangel Gabriel. The vision commanded three times, "Muhummad recite." When Muhammad opened his mouth, he began to utter sayings Muslims believe to be the words of God. His recitations, or sura, Quranic verses representing the word of God, were written down by his followers and were compiled to form the Quran.

When: 610

Where: Mecca

Why: Muslims today worship the Quran.

What is Muhammad referred as? What begins the Muslim calendar?

Muslims call the Last Prophet

622 Muhummad left Mecca to go to Medina: this marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar. and his journey is called Hejira.

A worthy life proceeds from the Five Pillars of Islam. What are they?

-Admission that there is no God but God and Muhammad was his prophet

-Pray five times per day - expressing devotion to God, facing in the direction of Mecca.

-Fast which was especially strict during the holy month of Ramadan

-Charity

-Pilgrimage to Mecca at least one time. This was expected but not mandatory as Muhammad considered the limited means of the poor

What and how did Muhammad bring to medina?

-He brought political and religious unity to Medina, primarily by forcing out the Jews who refused to convert to his new religion.

how did the direction of prayer for Muslims change?

-Up to that point, the early Muslims prayed facing the direction of Jerusalem because they, like the Jews, revered the holy city. But not long after he and his followers moved to Medina, Muhammad substituted the town of Mecca as the focal point of worship.

What was the purpose of the Five Pillars of Islam?

to provide unity of purpose and action among all Muslims

Define People of the Book

according to the Quran - Muslims, Jews, and Christians are all people off the book (the Hebrew bible)

What are the similarities and differences between the Muslim and Jewish populations?

Both prohibited the eating of pork, required their sons to be circumcised, and shared a fear of idolatry. Muslims differed by banning alcohol and allowing polygamy.

What was the underlying cause of the split between eh Sunnis and the Shi'ites?

When Muhammad died in 632 without naming a clear successor, Muslim leaders chose Abu Bakr as the first caliph. Went he third caliph was murdered in 655, tension aros between Muslim leaders about who should be elected caliph. The Shi'ites supported the election of Ali, because he was from Muhammad's family, but the Sunni sect supported the election of senior officials from the Quraysh tribe. A schism occurred between the two sects and civil wat ensued between them over the next caliph.

Describe kings in the middle ages

A king was only as powerful as he was wealthy and forceful, so he was always at war - always on the move in search of gain. This kind of kingship and rule encouraged instability and continual warfare.

What sources of income strengthened a bishop's authority?

A bishop's authority derived from worldly wealth and political power as much as his spiritual authority. Throughout the Middle Ages, the church was the single largest landowner. When bishops allied themselves to the ruling and noble families of western Europe, they received gifts of land from the wealthy. Bishops relied on tithes for the maintenance of the church. Revenue from land and the tithes and endowed with the gifts of the royal and noble patrons, bishops became very wealthy.

What was the significant conflict between bishops and secular authorities?

The right of kings to make ecclesiastic appointments

STAR TERM: Concordat of Worms

Who: Pope Calixtus and the Holy Roman Emperor Henry V

What: An agreement between Pope Calixtus and the Holy Roman Emperor Henry V that effectively ended the investiture controversy and allowed the emperor to confer secular but not spiritual authority.

When: 1122

Where: German city of worms

Why: Attempt to end lay interference in church affairs and separate spiritual and secular authority. Increased relations between church and state.

STAR TERM: The Magna Carta

Who: English King John 1, barons

What: King John's attempts to recapture his family's lost territory in France meant he needed money which he derived from very high taxes he placed on his subjects. This caused much opposition from the English barons, so they forced him to sign the Magna Carta. This document restored traditional rights of the barons and the clergy, especially protection from the king's excessive fiscal demands, and provided defense for "free men."

When: 1215

Where: England

Why: 1st document to put into writing that the king and his govt. were not above the law. It sought to prevent the king from exploiting his power and placed limits on royal authority.

Why did the church need reform? What was the major problem?

Major problems that the church faced include rich monasteries that derived large incomes form land they had received from noble and royal patrons. This resulted in monasteries becoming known for opulence rather than austerity and abbots resembling noblemen. Additional problems include the sale of ecclesiastical offices, married priests, and secular rulers appointing bishops

11th century church reforms:

stricter adherence to celibacy, minimal level of literacy for clergy, ban of the purchase of ecclesiastical office

Crusades were the first instance of the church...

using armies to invoke war and conquest

In March 1095, Pope Urban II received what?

A letter that allowed him to give the nobility a new focus to their hostilities. The Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus asked for aid against the Turks who had seized land in Asia Minor, Syria, and Palestine form both Byzantine and Muslim rulers

In November 1095, at Council of Clermont Pope Urban II...

preached a sermon to a large crowd in Clermont where he declared enemies of the faith were intent on conquering the Holy Land.

What did Pope Urban II promise to those who fought for the Holy Land?

The remission of sins, making war an act of penance. The pope said it was a just war. The church taught

What did the pope say the war was? What is the church's view of war?

The pope said it was a just war. The church taught that war in itself was not sinful, especially when it was defensive.

How did the church try to guarantee the war's sacred character?

The church tried to keep enthusiasm in check to ensure the success of the crusade and to guarantee its sacred character by issuing a special blessing and, more practically, by keeping a strict control over volunteers. Those wishing to enroll had to be approved by their parish priest, and a crusading vow had to be taken. Desertion meant excommunication.

People's Crusade:

-Led by Peter the Hermit

-Undisciplined and untrained for war - knew nothing about supply or strategy

-Slaughtered or enslaved by the Turks

The First Crusade:

-made up of knights led by noblemen experienced in warfare

-July 15, 1099, after a month-long siege, the crusaders captured the city

-this would prove to be the only successful crusade

the second crusade:

-once the threat of Turkish and Egyptian resistance was eliminated, the Chrisitan armies began to wither away. This had the effect of weakening the Christian strongholds.

-Saladin (Muslim leader) captures Jerusalem 1187

The third crusade:

-to recapture Jerusalem, Richard I king of England and Philip II Augustus of France led the Third Crusade, but they succeeded in seizing only the port of Acre. Jerusalem remained out of reach for the crusading armies.

the fourth crusade:

Pope Innocent the III called for a Fourth Crusade to the Holy Land, but instead of fulfilling the mission defined by the pope, the crusading army seized Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire

albigensian crusade:

Pope Innocent III also called for war against the Cathar heretics - thus using crusading as a tool to impose religious uniformity in western Europe

reconquista:

in the mid- 1000s, the Reconquista of Spain began. It would be a long, drawn-out war, lasting more than four centuries - but would ultimately succeed.In 1492 - 800 years of Muslim rule in Spain were at an end

Impact of the Crusades:

-tremendous loss of life on both sides

-reform of the church had come to mean uniformity of belief and identity

-merchants of western Europe benefited form contact with the markets in Palestine and Syria

-the distance from Italy and the Levant gave rise to banking techniques for the long-distance transfer of credit instead of coin - always vulnerable to theft and piracy

-accelerated the pace of economic change

Summary of the Crusades:

-militarily, the crusades accomplished very little. Jerusalem was still in the hands of the Muslims, as was Asia Minor and North Africa. Eastern and western Christianity were still divided.

-The fact that the countries could come together to fight was a sign that Europe had finally come together. It also highlighted the pope's ability as an international leader.

The new kingdom of Jerusalem established by the Crusaders could not depend on wester kings for consistent timely support, so...

in the 12th century professional soldiers came to be garrisoned in immense stone fortifications.

What was different about soldiers from military orders?

They belonged to religious orders of laymen who had taken vows similar to those taken by monks

What were military orders purpose?

Their original purpose was the care of sick pilgrims, but now in addition to their vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, these monk-knight considered the defense of the crusader kingdom to be their primary responsibility

Knights Hospitaller:

monastic order of knights formed to defend Christian possessions in Syria and Palestine

Order of Templars:

-Knights Templar, Military order founded in 1120s in Jerusalem to defend the land the Crusader forces had captured

What did the Order of Templars do?

-Provided relief to the poor and military defense

-Guarded money moving between western Europe and Palestine

-Gained immense wealth from moneylending. As creditors of kings, they had not only wealth, but political influence.

What factors caused widespread death throughout Europe?

The two main factors that caused widespread death were famine and the Black Plague. The famine was caused by the Littel Ice Age, which brought exceptionally harsh winters, heavy rain that deprived crops of warmth and sunshine a washed away crops, and overall colder weather. The famine also resulted from agricultural production in regions with unsuitable soil, overworking the land.

The Black Plague began in Central Asia, and it was spread by the fleas on rats. The Black Death or yersinia pestis is a blood-borne pathogen and was spread by an insect vector. When fleas sucked the blood of infected rats and then bit a person, they would infect the person with the plague. Symptoms included swollen bruised bumps on the lower abdomen, in the armpits, or on the throat, swollen lymph glands, and bruises and spots all over.

How did people react to the arrival of the plague in western Europe?

Many people sought spiritual comfort and a way of understanding the disaster. Many laypeople began to seek deeper religious involvement. Others, however, felt abandoned by God. They believed God had abandoned humanity because of its sins and gaining a cynical attitude towards life. Others assumed collective guilt, believing the plague was a punishment form God for humanity's sin. They joined confraternities, associations dedicated to the public performance of acts of charity and penance, and some became Flagellants, people who ritually whipped themselves in hopes of appeasing God's and convincing Him to take away the plague. Some blamed Jews as scapegoats for the plague. They suspected Jews, the poor, beggars, vagabonds, and members of religious orders of poisoning the water source.

What opportunities emerged because of the loss of life form the plague?

The Black Death resulted in a mass loss of life that significantly decreased the population. It resulted in labor scarcity, as there were less people to employ, resulting in hiring to increase and wages to increase to attract workers. Rent also decreased and negotiation fell in favor of the tenant, because landlords needed to stay in business and they had less people to house.