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Naturalistic Observation

Describing behaviors in natural settings where the observer is unobtrusive or habituation is assumed.

Participant Observation

Method where the experimenter joins the group being observed to gather data.

Emic Perspective

An insider perspective in anthropology that attempts to understand a phenomenon from the viewpoint of those directly involved.

Etic Perspective

An outsider perspective that uses existing theories to describe or explain observed phenomena.

Observer Bias

A form of bias that occurs when researchers' expectations influence their observations.

Thematic Analysis

Method of identifying patterns of responses in qualitative data through a series of defined steps.

Archival Research

Research involving data that was previously collected for other purposes, often involving content analysis.

Meta-Analysis

A statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple studies related to a similar topic to evaluate the consistency and size of effects.

Reactivity

Changes in behavior by participants that may occur when the observer is present, often mitigated by unobtrusive measures.

Factor Analysis

A statistical method used to identify what tests or items cluster together to form factors.