General Chemistry

Rutherford’s Model of an Atom

The [... Model] states that an atom is mostly empty space, with electrons orbiting a fixed, positively charged nucleus.

Atomic weight is

the weighted average of the masses of an element's isotopes.

In element notation, Z is the [...]

In element notation, A is the [...]

According to the Bohr Model

electrons orbit the nucleus in orbits that have a set size and energy.

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that

it is impossible to know the momentum and position of an electron simultaneously.

Hunds rule

states that all orbitals must first have one electron before any orbital can obtain a second electron.

Grandma Hund was like, "don't be greedy now kids!"

Pauli Exclusion Principle

states that no two electrons can share the same four identical quantum numbers.

That means, for paired electrons, one must be +1/2 spin and the other -1/2 spin

Avogadro’s Number = [...]

6.022 × 10²³ = 1 mol

Planck’s Constant (h)

h=6.626 × 10^-34

E=hv

proportionality between frequency (v) and energy

Speed of Light (c)

3.0 × 10 ^8 m/s

Paramagnetic materials

are pulled into external magnetic field.pulled into

Contain one or more unpaired electrons with spin ↑

He atom is paramagnetic or diamagnetic

diamagnetic

Li is paramagnetic or diamagnetic

paramagnetic

azimuthal, 3D shape

Quantum number l is the___quantum number and gives the ——- (subshell)of an orbital

m1 , orbital sub type

Quantum number ___ is the magnetic quantum number and gives the ____

ms , electronic spin

Quantum number is the ____quantum number and gives the ___ of the electron

n , principal , energy level , shell number

Quantum number __ is the ____ quantum number and gives the electron ___ or ____

energy level , principal , 2n²

The maximum number of electrons in a single ___ in terms of ___ quantum number = [...]

What is the maximum number of electrons that can be in the second energy level?

2n² = 2(2²) = 8 electrons

subshell, azithum

The maximum number of electrons in a single___in terms of the___quantum number = 4l+2

s 2

p 6

d 10

p 14

free radical, unpaired electron

A/an ____ is an atom or molecule with an

Aufbau principle

.

---

The______states that electrons will fill the lower energy levels before moving to higher energy orbitals.

Give the Arrhenius equation:

K=A x e -Ea/RT

You can use the Arrhenius equation to show the effect of a change of temperature on the rate constant and therefore on the rate of the reaction

k = rate constant

A = frequency factor

E_a = activation energy

R = gas constant

T = temperature in K

K number of molecular collisons per second

A number of molecular collisions per second with proper orientation

e-Ea /RT probability of succesful collisons

absorbed

If an electron moves to a farther orbital a photon is absorbed

f an electron moves to a farther orbital

different masses

Protons and electrons have different masses.

Protons and neutrons same mass

Electrons have smaller mass

Give the equation for the cell potential (electromotive force) of an electrochemical cell

E cell =Eredcathode - Ered anode