Group dynamics final exam defintions chapter 12-16

Chapter 12

Planning fallacy

The tendency for individuals and groups to underestimate the time, energy, and means needed to complete a planned project successfully

Parkinson’s law

A task will expand to fill the time available for its completion

Law of triviality

The amount of time a group spends in discussing any issue will be inverse proportion to the consequentiality of the issue

Discussion

The communication of information between two or more people undertaken for some shared purpose such as solving a problem making a decision or increasing participants mural understanding of the situation

Collective memory

A group combines memories including each members memories the group’s shared mental models and transactive memory systems

Cross Cuing

The enhancement of recall that occurs during group discussion when the statements made by group members serve as cues for the retrieval of information from the memories of other group members

Social decision scheme

A strategy or role used in a group to select a single alternative among various alternatives proposed and discussed during the group’s deliberations, including explicitly acknowledged decisions rules ( the group accepts the alternative favored by the majority) and implicit decisional procedures( the group accepts the alternative favored by the most powerful members)

Normative model of decision making

A theory of decision making and leadership that predicts the effectiveness of group-centered, consultative and autocratic decisional procedures across a number of group settings; developed by victor vroom and his associates)

Distributive justice

Perceived fairness of the distribution of rights resources and costs

Procedural justice

Perceived fairness and legitimacy of the methods used to make decisions resolve disputes and allocate resources also in judicial context the use of fair and impartial procedures

Shared information bias

Or common knowledge effect) the tendency for groups to spend more time discussing information that all members know( shared information) and less time examining information that only a few members know( unshared)

choice dilemmas questionnaire

A self report measure of willingness to make risky decisions that ask respondents to read a series of scenarios involving a course of action that may or may not yield financial interpersonal or educational benefits and indicate what the odds of success would have to be before they would recommend the course of action

Risky shift effect

The tendency for groups to make riskier decisions that individuals

Group polarization

The tendency for members of a deliberating group to move to a more extreme position with the direction of the shift determined by the majority or average of the members pre deliberation preferences

Mind guard

A group member who shields the group fell negative or controversial information by gatekeeping and suppressing dissent

Abilene paradox

The counterintuitive tendency for a group to decide on a course of action that none of the members of the group individually endorses resulting from the groups failure to recognize and manage its agreement on key issues( identified by Jerry Harvey)

Entrapment

A form of escalating investment in which individuals expend more of their resources in pursing a chosen course of action than seems appropriate or justifiable by external standards

Sunk cost

An investment or loss of resources that cannot be recouped by current or future actions

Chapter 13

Cooperation

A performance situation that is structured in such a way that the success of any one member if the group improves the chances of other members succeeding

Competition

A performance situation that is structured in such a way that success depends on performing better than others

Mixed motive situation

A performance setting in which the interdependence among interactants involves both competitive and cooperative goal structures

Prisoner’s dilemma game (PDG)

A simulation of social interaction in which players must make either cooperative or competitive choices in order to win; used in the study of cooperation, competition, and the development of mutual trust

Behavioral assimilation

The eventual matching of the behaviors displayed by cooperating or competing group members.

Social values orientation

The dispositional tendency to respond to conflict setttings in a propels or pro social way; cooperators, for example, tend to make choices that benefit both parties in a conflict, whereas competitors act to maximize their own outcomes

Social dilemma

An interpersonal situation where individuals muse choose between maximizing their personal outcomes or maximizing their group’s outcomes

Commons dilemma

A social dilemma when individuals can maximize their outcome by seeking personal goals rather than the collective goals, but if too many individuals act selfishly, then all members of the collective will experience substantial long-term losses

Public goods dilemma

A social dilemma when one may or may not contribute any resources in support of a public good( such as a park or a highway system). If also can of be excluded for failing to contribute

Egocentrism

Giving oneself more responsibility for an outcome or event than is warranted; often indexed by comparing one’s own judgments of personal responsibility to judgments of responsibility allocated by others

Task conflict

(Content conflict or substantive conflict) disagreements over issues that are religious tie groups’s recognized goals and procedures

Process conflict

(Or procedural conflict) disagreement over the methods the group should use to complete its basic tasks

Relationship conflict

Interpersonal discord rush occurs when group members dislike one another

Reactance

A complex emotional and cognitive reaction that occurs when individuals feel that their freedom to make choices has been threatened or eliminated

Trucking game experiment

A research procedure used in studies of conflict in situations where individuals differed in their capacity to threaten and punish others ;developed by Morton deutsch and Robert Krauss )

Negotiation

A reciprocal communication process whereby two or more parties to dispute examine apex of issues, explain their positions, and exchange offers and counteroffers to reach agreement or achieve mutually beneficial outcomes

Distributive negotiation

Resolving differences of opinion and transactions by claiming or dividing resources making offers and responding with counteroffers and the guarded disclosure of interests

Integrative negotiation

Resolving differences of opinion and transactions by identifying common and complementary interests and proposing solutions that satisfy all concerned parties

Dual concern model

A conceptual perspective on methods of dealing with conflict that assumes avoiding, yielding, fighting, and cooperating differ along two basic dimensions: concern for self and concern for other

Mediator

One who intervenes between two persons during conflict with a view to reconciling the dispute

Chapter 14

Robbers cave experiment

A field study that examined the causes Oman’s consequences of conflict between two groups of boys at robbers cave state park in Oklahoma( designed and conducted by muzafer and Carolyn sherif and their colleagues)

Realistic group conflict theory

A conceptual framework arguing that conflict between groups steams from competition for scarce resources, including food, territory, wealth m, power, natural resources, and energy

Discontinuity effect

The markedly greater competitiveness of groups when interacting with other groups. Relative to the competitiveness of individuals interacting with other individuals

Social dominance theory

An approach to oppression and domination assuming that conflict between groups results from dynamic tensions between hierarchically ranked groups within society(developed by Jim aisanius, Dalia Prato. And their colleagues)

Frustration aggression hypothesis

An early motivational model that argued in individuals become more aggressive whenever external conditions prevent them fell reaching their goals

General aggression model

A frameworks for organizing biological, environmental, social. And psychological factors that influence the expression of hostile negative behavior including person and situation inputs; cognitive, affective, and arousal states, and cognitive appraisals

Scapegoat theory

An explanation of inter group conflict arguing that hostility caused by frustrating environmental circumstances(such as abuse by others or failure) is released by taking hostile actions against men webs of other social groups

Double standard thinking

Judging the actions and attributes of one’s own group positively, but viewing these very same behaviors or displays negatively when the our groups performs them

Linguistic inter group bias

The tendency to describe positive ingroup and negative out group behaviors more abstractly and negative ingroup and posture out group behaviors more concretely

Outgroup homogeneity bias

The perceptual tendency to assume that the members of other groups are very similar to each order wheras the membership one’s own group is more heterogenous

Law of small numbers

Basing generalization about the outgroup on observations of a small number of individuals from that group

Group attribution error

Mistakenly assuming that specific group members personal characteristics and preferences including their beliefs attitudes , and decisions are similar to the preferences of the forum to which they belong

Ultimate attribution error( UAE)

Attributing negative actions performed by members of the out group to dispositional qualities and positive actions to situational, fluctuating circumstance

Stereotype content model

A theory of group perception positing that people’s stereotyped views about social groups reflect robe beliefs about the warmth and competence of the stereotype group

Moral exclusion

A psychological process whereby opponents in a conflict come to view each other as undeserving of morally mandated rights and protections

Dehumanization

Believing that other individuals or entire groups of individuals lack the qualities thought to distinguish human beings from other animals; which dehumanization serves to rationalize the extremely negative treatment often afforded to members of other groups

Contact hypothesis

The prediction that contact between the memes of different groups will reduce inter group conflict

Superordinate goals

A goal that can only be attained if two or more individuals or groups work together by pooling their efforts and resources

Extended contact hypothesis

The prediction that cross foeup friendships not only increase the two friends acceptance of the respective outcrops but also cause other members of their groups to become more positive toward the out groups as well

Virtual contact hypothesis

The prediction that online contact between the members of different groups will improve relations between these groups

Decategorization

Reducing social categorization tendencies by minimizing the salience of group memberships and stressing the individuality of each person in the group

Common intro identity model

An analysis of recategorization processes and conflict predicting that inter group conflict can be reduced by emphasizing membership in inclusive social categories and the interdependence of the Indian the groups ( develops by Samuel Gaertner, John dovidio, and their colleagues)

Recategorization

A reduction of social categorization tendencies achieved by collapsing groups in conflict into a single fool or category

Cross categorization

A reduction of the impact of social categorization on individuals perceptions by making salient their memberships in two or more social groups or categories that are not related to the categories that are generating ingroup- out group tensions

Jigsaw method

A team learning technique that includes assigning topics to each student allowing students with the same topics to study together and then requiring these students to reach their topics to their offer members of their groups ( developed by Elliot arson and his colleagues)