Pathophys Quiz 1 - Cell Function

World Health Organization (1948): Health is a state of complete ____, _____, and _____ well-being and not merely the _____ of disease and infirmity. 

physical
mental
social
absence

Aspects of the Disease Process
o _____, pathogenesis, ______ changes, clinical manifestations, _____, clinical course 

etiology
morphological
diagnosis

Incidence: the number of new cases arising in a population at _____ during a ______ time 

risk
specified

Prevalence: a measure of ______ disease in a population at a given point in time 

existing

Secondary prevention: (e.g., Pap smears) detecting disease when still _____ specific to a population at ___ 

curable
risk

Plasma Membranes: Important for normal physiological fxn. 
such as
______ __ _ ___

Activation of a cell

____ + ____ + ______ = Plasma Membranes 

fat protein sugar

Lipids: Basic component = lipid bilayer. • Phospholipids; glycolipids; ______. • Responsible for structural integrity of membrane. ◆ provides attachment points for the ______. 

cholesterol
cytoskeleton

Hydrophobic end (tail) and hydrophilic end (head) do what?

spontaneous organize itself into a bilayer

Proteins: Control Membrane Functions
• ______ Membrane Proteins- embedded into the lipid bilayer.
• ______ Membrane Proteins - located at one surface, bound to an IMP. 

integral
peripheral

Proteins act as
Cell Surface ______: i.e. ______ – help to identify the cell to other cells. 

markers
glycoproteins

Role of proteins in Disease is important because of their _____, _____, & ______-receptor fxns in cellular physiology. 

enzymatic
transport
recognition

Carbohydrates: The CHO w/in the plasma membrane is in the form of ______.
• Fxns in intracellular recognition. Intracellular recognition is important for tissue ______. 

glycoprotein
formation

Cells NEED to communicate with each other for:
• _______ of growth and division
• Overseeing their development & _____ into tissues
• _______ specialized fxns 

regulation
organization
coordinating

When there is a _____ in cell-to-cell communication, we see the onset or progression of ____ _____ . 

defect
disease processes

Anabolism - _____ Energy
• Catabolism - _____ Energy 

Using
releasing

All of the chemical tasks a cell performs to maintain essential function and produce ______ is called ______ ________.

energy
Cellular Metabolism

______ is the metabolic process of using energy to _____ molecules, while ______ is the process of releasing energy by breaking molecules down.

Anabolism; build
Catabolism

The aerobic ATP pathway occurs in the ______ and requires the presence of ______.

mitochondria; O2

The anaerobic ATP pathway occurs in the ______ and occurs in the absence of O2, a state called ______.

cytoplasm; hypoxia

Anaerobic metabolism produces only a small amount of ATP plus a byproduct called ___ ___.

lactic acid

Integral membrane proteins that span the cell membrane and undergo conformational changes to form an open gate for ion movement are called ___ ___.

ion channels

The voltage generated by ions diffusing across the cell membrane is called the ___ ___.

diffusion potential

The point where no net ion movement occurs because diffusion and electrical forces are exactly balanced is called the ______.

equilibrium potential

The resting membrane potential of a cell is approximately ______ mV.

-70

At rest, the inside of the cell is more negative because ______ leak channels are open, allowing ____ of that ion.

potassium (K+)
efflux

______ occurs when Na+ flows into the cell, making the membrane potential less negative.

Depolarization

______ occurs when K+ leaves the cell, returning the membrane potential back toward _____ values.

Repolarization
resting

When the membrane potential becomes more negative than resting (around -90 mV), this is called ______.

hyperpolarization

Voltage-gated Na+ channels open around ______ mV and close again around 0 to +10 mV.

-30

The Na+/K+ ATPase pump moves ______ Na+ ions out of the cell and ______ K+ ions into the cell.

3; 2

The Na+/K+ pump requires ______ to function, making it a form of active transport.

ATP

When the Na+/K+ pump fails, ______ accumulates inside the cell, which is the most common cause of cellular damage.

Na+ (sodium)

Na+/K+ pump failure is most commonly caused by a lack of ATP due to a mitochondrial problem or a deficiency of ______.

oxygen

Restoring ______ can sometimes reverse a failed Na+/K+ pump, which is especially important in ischemic disease.

oxygen

Some arrhythmias are treated by keeping ______ channels open, which keeps the cell hyperpolarized and unable to easily fire another action potential.

voltage-gated K+

A wave of excitation that passes along the surface of excitable cells (neurons, muscle, cardiac tissue) is called an ______.

action potential

The 4 primary cellular functions are movement, ______, metabolic absorption, and secretion.

conductivity

Cells adjust to changes in their external environment and increased work demands through a process called cellular ______.

adaptation

A decrease in cell size is called ______.

atrophy

An increase in cell size is called ______.

hypertrophy

An increase in the number of cells is called ______.

hyperplasia

The replacement of one adult (differentiated) cell type with another is called ______.

metaplasia

Deranged/abnormal growth of a specific tissue is called ______.

dysplasia

Atrophy and hypertrophy are adaptations that change cell ______, while hyperplasia changes cell ______, and metaplasia changes cell ______.

size; number; form

The 5 categories of causes of cell injury are physical agents, radiation injury, chemical injury, biologic agents, and ______.

nutritional imbalances

Examples of chemical injury include drugs, carbon tetrachloride, and toxicity from the heavy metals ______ and ______.

lead; mercury

In a pediatric patient, anemia, constipation, abnormal behavior, and paleness should raise suspicion for ______.

lead poisoning

Mechanism of cell injury #1 involves the formation of highly reactive, unstable molecules with an unpaired electron called ______.

free radicals (ROS)

Free radical injury causes three main types of damage: ______ of lipids, oxidative modification of proteins, and effects on ______.

lipid peroxidation; DNA

Mechanism of cell injury #2 is ______ injury, which deprives the cell of oxygen and interrupts oxidative metabolism/ATP generation.

hypoxic

Cellular swelling in hypoxic injury results from impairment of the energy-dependent ______ pump.

Na+/K+ ATPase

Causes of hypoxia include inadequate O2 in the air, respiratory disease, inability of cells to use O2, edema, and ______.

ischemia

The longer tissue remains hypoxic, the greater the chance of ______ cellular injury.

irreversible

Mechanism of cell injury #3 is impaired ______ homeostasis, caused by ischemia-induced disruption and inappropriate enzyme activation.

calcium

Calcium acts as an important ______ for many cell responses, and is normally kept low in the cytosol by energy-dependent mechanisms.

second messenger

Programmed cell death, essentially cellular suicide that eliminates worn-out or damaged cells, is called ______.

apoptosis

The intrinsic apoptotic pathway is triggered by a problem inside the cell, involves the mitochondria, and activates ______.

caspase-9

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is triggered by an outside signal binding a death receptor and activates ______.

caspase-8

Gram-negative bacterial ______ can trigger inflammatory signaling that may contribute to activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway.

LPS (lipopolysaccharide)

Cell death occurring in an organ/tissue that is still part of a living person, which interferes with cell replacement and regeneration, is called ______.

necrosis

Unlike apoptosis, which is a controlled process, ______ is uncontrolled cell death that interferes with tissue regeneration.

necrosis

Necrosis of a considerable mass of tissue due to ischemia, infection, or both is called ______.

gangrene

______ gangrene is caused by arterial obstruction in the periphery, resulting in dry, shrunken tissue with a well-defined line of demarcation and slow spread.

Dry

______ gangrene results from superimposed bacterial infection on ischemic tissue due to venous obstruction, causing rapid spread with no defined line of demarcation.

Wet

______ gangrene is caused by Clostridium perfringens and other anaerobic soil bacteria, producing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and crepitus.

Gas (gas gangrene / clostridial myonecrosis)

In wet and gas gangrene, blebs form, liquefaction occurs, and a foul odor is caused by ______ action.

bacterial

The gas bubble sensation felt under the skin in gas gangrene is called ______.

crepitus

Local signs of gangrene include discoloration, loss of sensation, pain that is initially severe but later absent due to ______, and foul-smelling discharge.

nerve death

Systemic signs of gangrene, especially wet/gas gangrene, include fever, tachycardia, hypotension, shock, and ______ in advanced cases.

multi-organ dysfunction

Of the three types of gangrene, ______ gangrene spreads the slowest, while ______ and ______ gangrene spread rapidly.

dry; wet; gas