AP World Unit 5

Adam Smith (Laissez-Faire)

Father of modern capitalism; argued for free markets, minimal government intervention, and the "invisible hand" guiding the economy

Baron Montesquieu

Enlightenment thinker who argued for separation of powers and checks and balances to protect liberty

Empiricism

Belief that knowledge comes from observation and sensory experience rather than tradition or authority

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, natural laws, and individual rights; known as the "Age of Reason"

John Locke

Philosopher who argued people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property; government exists by consent of the governed

Mary Wollstonecraft

Early feminist thinker who argued women deserve equal education and rights

Philosophes

Enlightenment thinkers who spread ideas about reason, reform, and criticism of traditional authority

Social Contract

Agreement where people give up some freedoms in exchange for protection of rights by government

Thomas Hobbes

Philosopher who believed humans are naturally selfish and need a strong government to maintain order

Thomas Paine (Deism)

Enlightenment writer who supported revolution and believed in a creator God who does not interfere in human affairs

Voltaire

Advocate for freedom of speech and religious tolerance; criticized absolutism and intolerance

American Revolution (Effects Of)

Inspired global revolutions, spread Enlightenment ideals, and promoted nationalism and democracy

Bourgeoisie

Middle class of professionals and merchants; key leaders in revolutions

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

French document declaring equality, natural rights, and popular sovereignty

French Revolution (Causes)

Economic inequality, famine, unfair taxation, and Enlightenment ideas challenging absolutism

Ilustrados

Spanish Enlightenment thinkers who promoted education, reform, and reason

Jacobins

Radical French revolutionaries who supported equality and execution of the king

New Zealand Wars

Conflicts between British settlers and Māori over land and sovereignty

Reign of Terror

Violent phase of the French Revolution marked by mass executions

Simón Bolívar

Leader of Latin American independence movements against Spanish rule

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution who helped abolish slavery

Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to a nation based on shared culture, language, or history

Ottomanism

Ottoman policy aimed at unifying diverse ethnic and religious groups under one identity

Otto von Bismarck

German leader who unified Germany using war and Realpolitik

Realpolitik

Practical, results-focused approach to politics rather than idealism

Risorgimento

Movement for Italian unification based on shared national identity

Seed Drill

Agricultural tool that improved planting efficiency and crop yields

Crop Rotation

Practice of alternating crops to maintain soil fertility

Domestic System (Cottage Industry)

Pre-industrial system where goods were made in homes rather than factories

Enclosure Movement (Effects)

Privatization of common land that increased productivity but displaced farmers

Bessemer Process

Method for producing strong, cheap steel by removing impurities

Coal (Role in IR)

Primary fuel powering steam engines and factories during early industrialization

Industrialization

Shift from agrarian economies to machine-based manufacturing economies

Industrial Revolution

Period of rapid industrial growth using machines, factories, and fossil fuels

Second Industrial Revolution

Later phase featuring steel, oil, electricity, and mass production

Interchangeable Parts

Standardized parts that allowed mass production and easy repairs

Sepoy Mutiny (1857)

Indian rebellion against British East India Company rule

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Railway connecting Russia from west to east, boosting trade and industry

Commodore Matthew Perry

U.S. naval officer who forced Japan to open to trade, prompting modernization

Hundred Days’ Reform

Chinese reform effort promoting modernization and constitutional monarchy

Self-Strengthening Movement

Chinese attempt to modernize using Western technology while keeping traditions

Mahmud II

Ottoman sultan who modernized the military and ended the Janissaries

Meiji Restoration

Period of Japanese modernization and industrialization after 1868

Muhammad Ali Pasha

Egyptian ruler who pursued state-led industrialization and military reform

Tanzimat

Ottoman reform period focused on modernization and legal equality

Zaibatsu

Powerful Japanese industrial-business conglomerates

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership and free markets

Communism (Karl Marx)

Ideology arguing for a classless society where workers control production

Cult of Domesticity

Belief that women should manage the home while men work outside it

Factory Acts

Laws regulating factory conditions, hours, and child labor

Labor Unions

Organizations formed by workers to improve wages and working conditions

Middle Class

Social group of professionals and business owners created by industrialization

Proletariat

Industrial working class who sell their labor for wages

Public Health Act (1848)

British law improving sanitation and urban health conditions

Socialism (Robert Owen)

Belief in cooperative communities and peaceful reform of capitalism

Working Class

Factory laborers who faced low wages, long hours, and unsafe conditions