ECG 556 Midterm

Experts agree on most of the terms used in to describe occupations and the career development process.

F

Increased use of robots and computers is expected to decrease competitiveness in the work force.

F

Historic periods such as the Protestant Reformation and the Industrial Revolution have had great influence on social structure, but only slight impact on the world of work

F

New technological developments will continue to reduce employment in the manufacturing sector.

T

Population growth, food scarcity, and modernization in third world countries have great impact on employment in the United States.

T

Most people started in their present job either through family influence or job availability.

T

Positions are usually professional or clerical while jobs are usually skilled or semi-skilled.

F

About one-third of all young workers do not have the skills to perform semiskilled, entry-level jobs.

T

The concept of a global economy is more myth than reality.

F

Generally speaking, minorities express greater interest in getting more occupational information than do white, European Americans

F

Career development in this country began primarily as an effort to reform education.

F

If one had to pick a city as the cradle of career development it would be San Francisco.

F

Career development practitioners concern about minorities' career development began with the civil rights movement in mid-twentieth century

F

Career school counselors who encounter illegal or undocumented students hands are tied because they have no right to be in schools and should be reported,

F

The term career development refers to:

a. Training for a career.

b. An aspect of total development specifically involving career choice, planning, and knowledge

c. Advancement that one makes after starting to work.

d. The development of increased understanding of one's own abilities and values.

B

The use of job and vocations as synonyms may depend upon the

a. Type of job

b. The professional background of the person who is using the terms

c. The income of the worker

d. How long the job has been in existence

B

Using one's work as an opportunity for self-expression seems to be more important for which major occupational group?

a. Unskilled.

b. Skilled.

c. Professional

d. Sales and kindred.

C

A group of tasks performed by one person in one business is the definition for:

a. Position

b. Job.

c. Occupation.

d. Vocation.

A

George Merrill, Jesse Davis and Anna Reed had one thing in common. It was:

a. They founded the National Vocational Guidance Association

b. They initiated career development programs at the turn of the 20th century

c. They developed some of the tests used in the 1930s in career guidance programs

d. They successfully lobbied Congress for passage of the Merrill Act, which supported vocational education.

B

The first formal theory of career development was published by:

a. Super

b. Holland

c. Bordin and Associates

d. Ginzberg and Associates

D

The poverty rate for minorities is generally greater than that of white workers. Which of the following situations reflect recent research by the U. S. Department of Labor?

a. Hispanic have about the same level of poverty as whites.

b. Hispanic and African American poverty rates are approximately equal

c. The poverty rate among Asian Americans is about is about the same as that for Native Americans

d. Hispanics have the highest poverty rate of any group

B

By emphasizing social justice career development professionals are

a. Adopting a new goal

b. Renewing a goal first articulated in the 1960s

c. In keeping with the founders of the career development movement

d. Departing from the main theme of career development

C

In relative terms, women's earnings when compared to men's

a. Have stayed about the same for the past 25 years

b. Have lost ground, that is, women make relatively less today

c. Have gained ground, that is, they make relatively more today

d. Cannot be calculated because of differences in occupations entered.

C

The concept of career education is

a. Gaining in popularity because it emphasizes the relationship between career and academic performance

b. Rapidly being displaced by the term career guidance

c. Rapidly being displaced by the term career development programming

d. Is favored by vocational educators

C

The impact of the global economy on the workforce in the U. S.

a. Has had its greatest impact on unskilled worker to date

b. Will impact skilled and professional workers in the near future

c. Will slow in the long term as U. S. businesses reorient themselves

d. a & b above

D

Friedman identifies several forces and events that led to the linking of the major economies. The single factor that seemed most influential in the process according to Friedman was.

a. The Internet

b. Labor costs

c. The breakup of the Soviet Union

d. Immigrations

C

In the author's view one factor overlooked by Friedman in his discussion of the development of the global economy was

a. The influence of unions

b. The relative value of currency around the world

c. Worker productivity

d. The profit motive

D

Countries that seem best equipped to take advantage of the global economy

a. Have a well-developed infrastructure

b. Have an attractive tax structure that encourages new businesses

c. Have socialist governments

d. Have an abundant supply of cheap labor

D

The cost of labor is a major factor in the business decisions to businesses from this country to another country (offshore). If labor costs were the only consideration U. S. businesses would most likely move their businesses to which of the following countries

a. Germany

b. Canada

c. Australia

d. Spain

D

The first comprehensive source of information about careers was

a. O*NET

b. The Dictionary of Careers in the U. S.

c The Dictionary of Occupational Titles

d. The Career Advisor's Handbook

C

The ethnic group in America with the highest average family income is

a. Asian American

b Hispanic

c. Caucasian

d. African America

JK

The Master Career Development Professional was developed by the National Career Development Association as a special membership category for people who have many of the same types of skills and a similar educational credentials as the Master Career Counselor, but are not as actively involved in career counseling

T

The Global Career Development Facilitator is a special category of Master Career Counselors

F

Professional organizations tend to issue ethical guidelines to cover new areas of practice not included in their current code of ethics

T

Because of the of relatively low level of concerns dealt with by Career Development Facilitators the issue of doing harm to their clients is essentially a non-issue

F

The newest code of ethics of the American Counseling Association makes no mention of the need for client advocacy.

F

The competencies needed by Master Career Counselors is essentially the same as those required for the Career Development Facilitator, but MCCs must study these areas in depth.

F

Which of the following is not a prerequisite to becoming a Master Career Counselor?

a. A master's degree in career counseling or closely related field

b. Three years of experience in career counselor

c. NCDA membership

d. Certification as a National Certified Counselor

D

The Career Development Facilitator credential was developed as

a. A means of recognizing people who qualify to be a Master Career Counselor but are working in administration

b. Have completed a post-masters course of study

c. Have 5 years of supervised on-the-job experience

d. Have completed a prescribed course of study to become a paraprofessional

D

Online career counseling may not allow which of the following?

a. The use of personality inventories

b. The use of sophisticated occupational information

c. In depth exploration of the career related problem

d. None of the above

D

With regard to the ethical issues involved in Internet-based career counseling, it is probably most accurate to say

a. The ethical issues are about the same as those in typical career counseling.

b. The ethical concerns are less because the privacy of the client can be protected more easily

c. The ethical issues involving Internet based career counseling are greater due to communication problems that may arise

d. We have too little information to draw conclusions about potential ethical issues involving Internet career counseling

C

The statement that best describes the extent to which clients who seek career counseling are protected from unethical practice is

a. They are well protected because all 50 states have licensing laws for psychologists and counselors who provide career counseling

b. Clients who see psychologists in public institutions such as colleges are probably better protected than those who see counselees because of differences in the licensing laws for the two groups

c. They are well protected because of codes of ethics and licensing laws

d. None of the above reflect the current situation

B

The code of ethics most likely to be followed by career practitioners in private practice was developed by

a. ACA and APA

b. NCDA

c. ASCA

d. NBCC

A

Sub-sections of state level licensing laws for counselors and psychologist

a. Identify career counselors as a specialty but do not regulate them

b. Identify career counseling within the broad context of practice

c. Regulate career counseling as a specialty

d. Generally fail to regulate career counseling per s

D

Career counseling via the Internet is a relatively new idea. As a result

a. Few guidelines for practicing web-counseling are available.

b. Practice guidelines are available but ethical guidelines are not available

c. Practice guidelines have emerged from research in this area

d. None of the above

D

The situation that best describes the status of licensing laws for counselors is that ________ states have enacted these laws.

a. 30

b. 40

c. 49

d. 50

D

The author identifies conflicts in cultural values as potentially doing harm to the client. Assuming that the counselor is a white person with traditional Eurocentric values, what conflicts might they encounter with a Hispanic client?

a. Meeting on time

b. Importance of self-direction

c. Disclosure of pertinent material

d. a & b above

D

Which of the following should not appear in advertisements offering career counseling services.

a. Licenses and certifications

b. Degrees unrelated to the practice of career counseling

c. Years of experience

d. Consultations with business and industry.

B

The ultimate aim of advocacy as it pertains to career counseling is

a. Problem solving

b. Making a statement about social justice

c. Representing the client

d. Empowering the client

D

FERPA is a federal law that sets forth rules and regulations regarding

a. Group test scores

b. Verbal communication

c. The maintenance of records

d. All of the above

C

If you were asked to offer advice to a counselor who wished to avoid a successful liability suite it should be

a. Stay within the limits of your skills

b. Follow your code of ethics

c. Be aware of the laws that regulate your practice

d. All of the above

D

In the simplest terms possible privileged communication laws are

a. Guarantees to our clients that their information will be protected from disclosure

b. Guarantees to career counselors that they cannot be forced to disclose confidential information

c. protection for counselors so longs as they follow the law.

d. The same a ethical guidelines about confidentiality

A

16. In today's litigious society ethical and legal principles are most likely to conflict on the matter of

a. Sexual misconduct

b. Confidentiality

c. The general area of relationships to clients

d. The duty to warn parents and authorities of potential harm to others.

C

Parsons proposed his tripartite model of career choice in 1909

T

Personal characteristics such as abilities, attitudes, interests, limitations, and skills are classified as traits in trait and factor theory.

T

The Theory of Work Adjustment and Holland's theory are trait-and-factor theories

F

The two most important aspects of work adjustment are personal satisfaction and compatibility of work role and other life roles according to the Theory of Work Adjustment

F

One unique aspect of Brown's values-based theory is that he suggests that job satisfaction may be primarily due to feedback from others.

F

In Brown's theory values are defined as cognized interests.

F

Cultural values influence the career decision-making process according to Brown.

T

Holland's theory is, at least in terms of inventories sold, the most popular of the existing theories.

T

Congruence in Holland's theory is analogous to correspondence in TWA.

T

The basic premise of trait and factor theories that have been presented since 1909 have changed.

F

A good theory can be determined by the extent to which it identifies cause and effect relationships.

F

The best theories contained carefully defined constructs.

T

It appears that the interest in developing theories for indifferent groups is on the wane.

T

Blustein has criticized traditional career theory because it does not contain a social justice component. Assuming that he is correct one way to correct this oversight is to add advocacy as a part of the application component of the theory.

T

In Holland's theory, identity has to do with clarity or self-understanding of interests and goals.

T

If you wanted to pick a symbol that depicted Holland's realistic type a computer would be good choice,

F

Using a hexagon to show interrelationships among components of the personality is associated with:

a. Ginzberg

b. Holland

c. Lofquist

d. Gottfredson

B

Which of the following would not be viewed as a constraint on the occupational decision making process by Brown?

a. Holding am individualism social value

b. The gender of the decision maker

c. Membership in a group with a history of discrimination

d. Holding a collateral social value

C

In working with a disadvantaged African American counselee, the counselor:

a. Can gain some useful clues from available career development theories

b. Can apply available theories without any qualification.

c. Should disregard any inferences that can be drawn from available theories.

d. Should wait until proof has been obtained that occupations for the disadvantaged can be predicted.

A

A personality is attracted to a compatible work environment" is associated with:

a. Holland

b. Hoppock.

c. Roe

d. Super

A

Which of the following statements is a central proposition of the theory of work adjustment?

a. Optimal career choice occurs when the needs of the person are reinforced by the job

b. Success on the job can be predicted if information about the skills, aptitudes, and personality structure of the person are known

c. The skills required by the job are posed by the individual in the job

d. The values of the person and the supervisor match

A

The construct of congruence is used to describe the relation between __________________ in Holland's theory.

a. Personality types on the hexagon

b. Scores on the Self-Directed Search, an instrument that measures Holland types.

c. Interests and skills

d. Relationship of an individual's personality to the characteristics of the people who work on a job

D

The process by which individuals develop the values of their native culture is

a. Cultural assimilation

b. Enculturation

c. Acculturation

d. Cultural self-creation

A

In TWA two primary factors seem to be factors in work adjustment. These are:

a. Celerity and rhythm

b. Pace and endurance

c. Satisfaction and satisfactoriness

d. Values and needs

C

Based on Holland's theories which of the following are most likely to be turned off by educational activities?

a. Social and Conventional

b. Investigative and Social

c. Realistic and Enterprising

d. Enterprising and Artistic

C

The cultural value that is most likely to influence decision-making style is

a. Activity (e.g., doing, being, being-in-becoming)

b. Time (past-future, future, present, circular)

c. Person/Nature Relationship (people should dominate, nature dominates)

d. Social relationships (collateral, individualism, lineal)

A

In Holland's theory, it is assumed that how many of the client's six letter code (RIASEC) influence career decision making?

a. One; the strongest

b The first three including ties

c. The first three

d. All six

D

Work environments may influence personality change. The person environment relationship that is most likely to produce change in personality is

a Realistic person, Investigative work environment

b. Person with low consistency in personality type; highly consistent work environment

c. Artistic person; social environment

d. The premise of the question is wrong; work environments do not produce personality change

B

The Ability Profiler, an instrument incorporated into O*NET measures (according to the developer)

a. Needs

b. Values

c. Interests

d. Abilities

D

Some authorities have equated interests, needs, and values. Which of the following theorist is most likely to agree with this supposition.

a. Brown

b Lofquist

c. Holland

d. Hartung

B

Gender is considered as a constraining factor on occupation choice by Brown because

a. Women are more likely to choose from a restricted range of occupations for a variety of reasons

b. Rampant discrimination in certain segments of the workplace

c. Research shows a genetic link between gender and interests

d. Women delay choosing an occupation because of developmental factors

A

Although many theories of career development have been proposed for subgroups such as women and minorities in the U. S., none has been widely adopted. The most likely reason for this is

a. They belong to a common culture that highly influences career choice

b. The occupational structure forces people into a common set of choices and patterns; thus special theories have little practical application.

c. Women have rejected the idea that they chose occupations differently than men.

d. There are more similarities than difference in the factors that influence occupational choice

D

For Gottfredson the self-concept ranks second in importance to sex-role stereotyping as a determinant of occupational choice.

T

Super's fourteen postulates have been modified over the years but, they were all part of his original

F

Super believed that career choice is an implementation of the individual's self-concepts.

T

According to Super's theory there are trial and stable phases of the exploration stage.

T

Super defines career maturity as the individual's readiness and ability to deal with the occupational challenges and problems that confront him/her.

T

Super's Life-Career Rainbow is out of date, mostly because of changes in women's career patterns..

F

Super was the first to pose a developmental model of career choice and development.

F

Gottfredson believes that the sex-role associated with careers is the most important variable in the career choice process.

T

Super and Gottfredson have essentially the same definition of self-concept.

F

Super's theory is largely based on white middle class research and observations.

T

If Gottfredson is correct about sex-role stereotyping school counselors should begin work to offset them at what grade level?

a. Early elementary school (k-3)

b. Late elementary school (3-5)

c. Early middle school (6-7)

d. Late middle school (7-8)

A

A synonym for postmodern theory is

a. Collaborative

b. Ipsative

c. Constructivist

d. Longitudinal

C

Gottfredson believes that people develop cognitive maps of career based on

a. Self-concept, sex-role stereotypes, and financial rewards

b. Interests, sex-role stereotypes, and values

c. Sex-role stereotypes, prestige of the occupation, interests and accesibility

d. Masculinity/femininity of the occupation, occupational prestige and fields of work

C

For Gottfredson compromise in the process of making occupational choice often occurs because of perceived

A

Your client is a male freshman at a community college. Your interview reveals that he has a good understanding of himself, he is aware of his strengths and weaknesses, and knows about the requirements of the fields of work he is considering. In terms of Super's concept of life stages, he is:

a. Well ahead of expected development

b. About where one would expect

c. Considerably behind expected development

d. Well ahead on job knowledge and far behind on self-knowledge

B