POLS 1202 Quiz 3

salient

politically important/relevant

salience of political identity groups is not innate, it is created

latent qualities

qualities that are potentially expressed, and may or may not be politically relevant

primordialism

identity groups are fixed, natural/nature given or god given traits

existed since "time immemorial”

criticism: identity groups can change; cultural values and beliefs are deeply ingrained, not god given

Samuel Huntington: Clash of Civilizations

post cold war theory that cultural blocs were going to fight each other

primordialist theory

critics say these groups have gotten along in the past and this is just a self fulfilling prophecy

constructivism

thinking about process of how identities came to be

social construction creates identities

imagined communities (anderson)

elites can mobilize identity groups

defining outsiders

identities are created by interpretation & reinterpretation of symbols and stories

• ex: learning national history

attributes vs categories (chandra)

person has attributes that give them membership in identity categories

entrepreneurs can build categories out of traits

ex: yugoslavia

activate a category, not invent one

jus sanguinis

cultural nationalism

if parents are part of the group, you are too

primordialist

jus soli

civic nationalism

where you are born matters

constructivist

more inclusive, democracy common

ethnicity

marked by culture, language, religion, region, heritage

can also include physical traits which complicates difference between race

do not want their own state

rises from group making demands

race

marked by physical characteristics

defined by outsiders truing to establish differences

irish becoming white

features perceived as important differences

varies

autonomy is a less common goal because usually not regional

US vs Brazil race

US: define all people with black descent as black

brazil: spectrum of races, “racial democracy”—>became complicated when affirmative action was introduced— who counts as black?

2 theories of who constructs identity groups

1. state policies/history: top down, ex: Nigeria colonial govt exacerbated differences

2. political entreprenuers: creative individuals construcitng political movement around a latent trait; ex: india

Nigeria: identity group creation from above

1. identity development before the british

2. 3 groups created: huasa, yoruba, igbo

3. very distint tribal interests of each group

4. urbanization—>important of identity group

5. political movements organize around 3 groups as nigeria moves towards independence; federalism

6. 36 states

7. violence, military coup led by igbo—>out group violence—>igbo flee

8. oil in igbo & Biafra; nigerian civil war

9. centripetalism in 1979 constitution, federal character principle

10. results

    1. MASSOB & IPOB

    2. conflict between herders and christian farmers

    3. regionalized voting 2023

India: identity group creation from below timeline

political entrepreneurs made religious identity groups salient by mobilizing hindu muslims

1. existing caste, language, religious divisions among hindus

2. RSS founded by hedgewar: grassroots organizational network

3. VHP founded by RSS: talks to hindus like they are one group; unification

4. ayodhya campaign: uses ayodhya as a major symbol; temple associated with site that all hindus could get behind

5. advani’s rath yatra: massive procession to spread ayodhya and hindu nationalism

6. babri masjod demolished: muslim mosque; followed by violent riots

7. social engineering: poorer people in power to promote mobilization

8. BJP wins national majorities; ayodhya consecrated

gujarat violence

2002

train carrying hindus stopped and muslims burned the train

hindu nationalists respond with violence

police did not stop violence for 3 days

dehli violence

muslims protesting against citizenship amendment act turned into hindu muslim violence

police failed to protect muslims (modi politics)

4 competing ideas for secularism

modernizer

neutral arbitrator

Principled distance

protector of minorities

principled distance

neither strict separation nor strict neutrality

differential treatment by design

fights about whether differences are fair

examples in india

• polygamy banned for hindus only

• alimony case—>general criminal code takes priority

• triple talaq: muslim women in favor of UCC (divorce law)

  • also used as political mobilization tactic

state as a modernizer / laicite

french, turkish, mexican

explicitly secular

fights start when group claims a public religious role

• ex: french ban headscarves

reduce influence of religion because it interferes with modernization

neutral arbitrator

state not opposed to and not for any religion

fights are about whether neutrality has been breached

US model

ex: school prayer

positive accommodation

state supports the religion it recognizes

ex: germany uses taxes to sponsor churches

fights about who gets recognized

personal autonomy

different religious communities can have their own rules

equal citizenship

everyone is governed by the same rules

used as an argument for hindu nationalism

AIMPLB

group created in 1973 to speak for muslim interests in india

promotes muslim personal law

splits into shia and women’s boards because they did not think AIMPLB was advocating respective interests

BJP / rise of hindu nationalism

span of 30 years gained massive majority

• first past post system: reflects politicization of religious support; just enough to win elections

• stole the poor vote from the congress party by appealing to hindu identity

• in support of uniform civil code

• fear of love jihad conspiracy: muslim men marry hindu women to convert them

• citizenship amendment act

mechanisms used to built support in india

service provision: provision of schools and clinics to help movement recruit poorer hindus

televison/mass media: brodcast ramayan to national audience to build broad national hindu identity

strategic violence: political incentive influenced whether or not politicians restrained or permitted communal violence (dehli & gujarat)

uniform civil code & problems

one set of laws for everyone regardless of relgion

promised in combination with group autonomy which created conflict

problems:

• who represents a religion, what if religions have different rules

citizenship amendment act

easier for refugees from afghanistan, pakistan, and bangledesh to obtain citizenship

proposed national registry (muslims w/o birth certificates excluded)

muslims explicitly excluded—>protests

kashmir

region with muslim majority that is given special rights

in 2019 modi’s govt revoked special constitutional status

made it easier for non muslim residents to become citizens

allowed outsiders to purchase land and participate under redrawn electoral boundaries

identity categories

formed by political and social entreprenuers using attributes to create social category that becomes politically salient

can activate membership in a category

education, censuses, elections to constrain category creation

headscarves in france

home to largest muslim population in europe

laicite—>controversy over women wearing headscarves

1989: expel kids wearing headscarves if it is distracting

2004: banned headscarves in schools

2010: banned burqa

2017: employers can ban religious symbols

2021: banned minors from wearing headscarves and at sporting events

turkey headscarves

ataturk modernizing turkey by eliminating islam

restricting wearing headscarves in universities and workplace

2001 justice and development party created islam movement

removed strict restrictions on womens headscarves

what identity groups do for the state

• unification: promotes nationalism; the ‘we’ the state derives its legitimacy from

• mobilization: people turn out, pay taxes, and fight for an identity

  • rights not given unless demanded

• representation: channel for grievance that the state can answer

what identity groups do to harm the state

• fragmentation: secession / civil war in biafra

• discrimination and violence: germany’s cultural nation turned racial started the holocaust

• deadlock: identity claims are hard to split the difference on

  • zero sum politics

demands of identity groups

• recognition

• autonomy

• representation

• social status

recognition / taylor’s politics of recognition

to be seen as a distinct group with equal and legal rights

census, school curriculum, holidays

identity groups want state and society to recognize them as distinct with legitimate concerns

autonomy

ability and right of a group to partially govern itself within a larger state

demands not adhered to —>secession

representation / full political participation

equal footing of institutions

could mean changing institutions completely

making formal changes to rules or removing barriers to entry

social status

want education, income, respect

groups that mobilize are usually poorer, less educated, socially segregated

need better education and economic positions to gain more respect

marshall’s social rights of citizenship: Social rights: related to wellbeing and socioeconomic activity

1. Ex: public education, pensions, national healthcare

slowest of the 4

3 things that need to happen for an identity to become political

1. imagined community: group must see itself as one, with a past agenda

2. grievance that is felt

3. leadership (political entreprenuer) that ties the 2 together and names what to do about it

   1. groups without leadership fades away and aren’t sustained

against group rights

only individuals hold rights, and they hold them equally

social contract is with individuals > groups

Balint: strip majority privilege instead of giving minority special preferences

democracy needs a shared identity and factions will ruin this

group demands can be bad/unpopular

classic liberal position

for group rights

legal equality alone never includes marginalized groups

history and social distance survive repeal of a law

group rights protect minorities

kymlicka: protect minority rights; people who find it hard to cross cultural barriers cannot participate fully in politics; created to cap majority power

quiet countries

no identity conflict means they are not aware of a grievance, or too scared to make demands

4 policies that can be created to support group rights

1. recognizing and actively supporting the preservation of distinct cultures

2. granting some degree of autonomy

3. reforming representative institutions

4. actively intervening to improve socioeconomic status of distinct groups

class: 4 demands

recognition: not descent based, lines contested

• fights about whether group exists

autonomy: no homeland, closest thing is union strike

• fights about how far control reaches

representation: unions, allied parties, labor, european social democrats, brazil workers party

social status: wages, protection, public housing; income inequality has been increasing

• fights over redistribution, gains can be reversed

social class

group of people who share or perceive themselves to share a social status based on some combination of a common level of wealth, income, work, or education

• element of descent

• self-recognized affiliation influences party activity

• increased inequality, turn to nationalism instead of unionizing

huber

political leaders seek minimum winning coalition to gain power

• mobilize whatever way identities create the most support

marx as a class theorist

defined classes based on relationship to means of production

• bourgeoisie vs prolétariat

• modern societies more difficult to unify proletariat

class voting

rich vote for one party, poor vote for another

LGBTQ rights through the 4 demands

recognition: central because they were forced to hide for most of history

• fights about who the group includes

autonomy: freedom from the state regulating private life; decriminalization comes first

• fights about where state’s reach into the private sphere should stop

representation: could vote and run if they remained hidden

• fights about being seen in the group, not access to the ballot

status: anti-discrimination laws; same s3x marriage

• fights about marriage, gains slow and uneven

assimilationist

same civil and political rights as heterosexuals

accept mainstream norms and join existing institutions

mirrors case against group rights

liberationist

transform gender and s3x norms, not just the law

acceptance for everyone regardless of whether they conform or not

mirrors case for group rights: new sexual citizenship should be created

gender through the 4 demands

recognition: women’s concerns treated as public matter; #metoo movement

• fights are about where the state’s reach into the family should stop

autonomy: control over one’s own body

• group autonomy can cut against it: religious family law

• gains can be reversed

representation: descriptive representation matters where groups distrust each other (mansbridge); quotas for representation

• fights about whether quotas work, in brazil they are easy to ignore

social status: education, jobs, family law; education gaps anrrowed in La A na dAf, but jobs lag; democracies overall better for women

centripetalism

make identity based politics a bad bet for politicians

reward leaders who build coalitions across access groups

used in nigeria

benefits: every major group involved in govt; guarantee against domination

costs: any partner can collapse the govt

consociationalism

guarantee every group a share and a veto

proportional representation

grand coalition and mutual veto: leaders from mutliplegroups make one coalition and share power, each major group can veto

federalism that gives each group a unit of its own

benefits: incentives to appeal beyond your own group

costs: leaders must give up surest appeal

centripetalism in nigeria

to win presidency, a national plurality and 25% in 2/3 of the states is required

federal character principle

informal N-S-N-S rotation

resulted in fighting: IPOB classified as terrorists, herder-farmer conflicts

consociationalism in northern ireland

proportional assembly

first minister and deputy first minister share executive power

cabinet seats divided among parties by seat chair

every member registers as a unionist, nationalist, or other

northern ireland stays in UK, ireland drops territorial claim

results: almost all violence ended, but much government collapse, poor integration of schools and civil society

multicultural integration

accepts that ethnocultural identities matter to citizens, will endure over time, must be recognized and accommodated in institutions

live in shared system but still maintain identity

belfast agreement 1998

Northern ireland has 2 major groups: nationalists and unionists

most of ireland becomes indpendent, 6 northern counties remain after a big nationalist movement

new agreement: remained a part of GB, but northern ireland received more self government

leaders need support from nationalist and unionist members

efforts to bring communities togehter through schools, civil society organizations had limited success

• government repeatedly collapsed

  • greatly reduced violence

nation

group that seeks control of a state (nationalism)

ethnic group

group that claims common descent primarily

nationalism in germany

1. napoleon and romanticism

2. bismarck unite

3. jus sanguinis

4. nazis

5. W germany welcome ethnic germans only

6. turks and kurds enter for labor

7. labor unions and green party

8. german kids can apply for citizenship

9. backlash

10. alternative for germany party

11. social democrat free democratic party

racial politics in the US

1. racial categories not fixed

2. white identity

3. As Am identity

4. Hispanic/black idneity

5. legal equality does not eliminate equality

6. political representation

7. white supremacy

8. BLM

9. trump

consequences of assimilation

1. no major socioeconmic differences between these groups and other white americans

2. classifying many eu immigrants as white to preserve large white minority

3. background doesnt have as big of an effect on political behavior

majority minority districts

district where white is not the majority

causes greater diversity in house than senate

2 representations of black political identity

1. liberal integrationism: black americans should have = rights in society

   1. mlk, jesse jackson, frederick douglass

2. black nationalism: black control over black communities and institutions

   1. reduced dependence on white controlled institutions emphasizing black history, identity, self determination

religion

considered descent based

demands: right to practice openly, officially recognize religion, holidays, some autonomy

UK: evolving class politics

1. landowners, peasants, borgeoisie, industrial class

2. recognition of class in education, housing, political parties

3. unions

4. winter of discontent

5. margaret thatcher

6. labor party migration

7. 2023 strikes

8. brexit

Liberal feminists

gaining rights = men

tend not to challenge social or political norms

vs other who demand full institutional change

assimilationist lgbtq advocates

want civil and political rights but are willing to adopt mainstream cultural norms

liberationist approach to lgbtq rights

transform gender norms, creat new sexual citizenship

#metoo movement

demand end to sexual assault and harassment by exposing men who commit the crimes, better legal processes, more clear definition of assault

descriptive representation (mansbrige)

representation by people who look like you and have similar life experiences

iran: women’s movement

1. shah

2. overthrow

3. islamist leaders

4. iran-iraq war

5. liberalize economy

6. women’s movement / reformist period

7. ahmadineiad

8. challenge vs gradual

9. continued repression through rohami and rasia

secular vs islamic feminists

secular: argument not based in islam

islamic: islam supports women’s equality

• ijtihad: reinterpreting islamic texts

brazil lgbtq

1. being gay not illegal, but no antidiscrimination

2. failed to get specific antidiscrimination law through congress

   1. religious opposition

   2. division within the movement

3. judicialization

   1. civil unions

   2. marriage

   3. transgender names

   4. homophobia treated under antiracism

4. bolsonaro

5. lula da silva