Organisk kemi

Alkene/Alkyne + HBr (no water)

Alkyl bromide (beroende på equivalenser)

Alkene + H+/H2O

Alcohol

Alkyne + H+/H20

Ketone (enol→ketone tautomerisation)

Reducing ketones/aldehydes

NaBH4 in MeOH

Reducing esters, carboxylic acids, amides (+ketones/aldehydes)

1. LiAlH4 (in dry ether)

2. H+/H20

Alcohols (ex. MeOH) reacts with ketones/aldehydes

Hemi-acetal

If add acid → acetal

Primary alkyl halide + Strong base (t.ex. OCH3^-)

SN2 product (major)

E2 product (minor)

Secondary alkyl halide + Strong base (t.ex. OCH3^-)

E2 product (major)

SN2 product (minor)

Tertiary alkyl halide + Strong base (t.ex. OCH3^-)

E2 only

Primary alkyl halide + Weak base (t.ex. HOCH3)

No reaction

Secondary alkyl halide + Weak base (t.ex. HOCH3)

SN1 product & E1 product mixture

Tertiary alkyl halide + Weak base (t.ex. HOCH3)

SN1 product & E1 product mixture

Oxidation of alcohol

-H2CrO4 for complete oxidation

-HOCl for milder oxidation (primary alcohol only becomes aldehyde)

Williamson ether synthesis

Deprotonera en alkhol med stark bas och addera sen till alkyl halid via SN2

Carboxylic acid naming

+oic acid

Esters naming

+oate

Amides naming

+amide

Acid chlorides naming

+oyl chloride

Reactivity of carbonyl compounds

1. Acid chlorides

2. Aldehydes

3. Ketones

4. Esters = Carboxylic acids

5. Amides

How to make an acid chloride

Carboxylic acid + SOCl2

Synthesis of esters and amides

Alcohol/Amine + Acid chloride

Fischer esterification

Add H2SO4 to carboxylic acid and then attack with alcohol

Electrophilic aromatic substitutions

-Bromination (Br2 + FeBr3 lewis acid → Adds Br)

-Nitration (HNO3 + H2SO4 → NO2+, which adds nitro group)

Alkylation (Alkyl chloride + AlCl3/FeCl3 → Carbocation, which is added to benzene)

Acylation (Acyl chloride + AlCl3/FeCl3 → Tripple bonded R-O+, acyl group added to benzene)

Enolate order of acidity

1. Aldehyde

2. Ketone

3. Ester

4. Amide

Claisen condensation

Two esters react via an enolate with one leaving group (Ketone+Ester)

Initiation of cationic polymerisation

Use a lewis acid (ex. F3B) + H2O, alkene picks up proton from H2O+

How to add H2 to alkenes and alkynes

Pd/C and H2 for full hydrogenation

Pd/CaCO3

Pb(OAc)4 and H2 to stop at alkene (Lindlar’s catalyst)

Aldehyde to imine (which can later be reduced to amine)

R-NH2, H+