american history unit 1

Federalists

Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption. Later became the political party headed by Hamilton - Stronger federal/national government, Loose interpretation of the Constitution (so they were in favor of the National Bank), wealthy class in control, economy based on economics, etc

Democratic-Republicans

Political Party led by Jefferson - stronger states rights/government over strong national government; pro-French; supported by middle-class and farmers; pro-agriculture; against the BUS; strict interpretation

Correct order of battles

-Battle of Lexington and Concord -> Battle of Saratoga -> Battle of Yorktown

significants of the battle of lexington and concord

led to the calling of the 2nd Continental Congress

significants of the Battle of Saratoga

led to American-French Alliance

significants of the battle of yorktown

led to the Treaty of Paris in 1783

problems facing Great Britain at the end of the French and Indian Wars

Pontiac's Rebellion; Managing the empire's war debt; Managing its new land in North America

Famous cartoon from the Albany Plan of Union

Promoted colonial unity during the French and Indian War.

Why were the colonists angry after the French and Indian War?

Passage of the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts; British passage of the Sugar Act and the first Quartering Act; British passage of the Proclamation of 1763- all without proper representation in Parliament (British Government)

What were some of the events that led up to the Boston Massacre?

Increased presence of British Troops in the colonies; Increased pressure put on the colonist to pay off war debts; British ending Salutary Neglect

Land Ordinances of the 1780s

Led to increased tension with Native American tribes by selling land to American settlers in the Northwest Territory and setting up a path to future statehood - the land ordinances were the one thing the A of C were able to do well

Shay's Rebellion (1786)

Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries and showed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

An inability to raise an army; its inability to impose taxes directly on its population; an enormous debt the country owed but couldn't tax to pay it back

In order to ratify the Constitution what had to be included to appease the anti-federalists at the Constitutional convention

A listing of individual rights needed to be included i.e. a Bill of Rights

Created the foundations of self-government before the French and Indian war

Mayflower Compact; House of Burgesses; New England Town Meetings

Sons of Liberty

a secret group of colonists who protested British taxes and laws before the American Revolution. They organized boycotts, spread ideas of independence, and sometimes used violent methods like the Boston Tea Party.

biggest event the sons of liberty is known for

Boston Tea Party which led to the Intolerable Acts

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

Great Compromise

1787; resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation in the Senate. Each state would have 2 senators. All tax bills originate in the House. Combined needs of both large and small states.

Parts of the original US constitution

Created a federal system and separated powers between branches; directly elected House of Representatives; three-fifths compromise counted slaves for representation and taxation

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution and gain support for it

Conneticut Compromise (Great Compromise)

Bicameral Congress; House based on state population, Senate with equal representation

Declaration of Independence

Document recording the proclamation of the Second Continental Congress (July 4, 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

Pamphlet urging colonists to break free; argued government exists to protect natural rights; power came from people, not kings; colonies didn’t benefit from British Empire

Democratic-Republican Party

Strong state government, rule by the people, emphasis on agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, etc.

The Federalist Party

Strong central/national government, rule by the wealthy, loose interpretation of the Constitution, supported the national bank, emphasis on manufacturing, etc.

Jay's Treaty (1794)

Agreement with Britain over Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River; unpopular because it failed to punish Britain for attacking neutral American ships and angered France

Why was Jay's Treaty considered a failure?

Failed to stop impressment of American ships/sailors and angered the French

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Jefferson sent Monroe to Paris to buy New Orleans; ended up buying all of Louisiana for $15 million; doubled U.S. size; Jefferson conflicted over constitutionality

Louisiana Purchase did all of the following

Doubled the size of the U.S.; gave access to Mississippi River; contradicted Jefferson’s strict constructionist beliefs

Chief Justice John Marshall did all of the following

Weakened state governments; increased power of the federal government; expanded Supreme Court power through Judicial Review

Marbury v. Madison

Established the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Federalist Economic Goals

Create a national bank; excise tax on whiskey; protective tariffs

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Pay off war debts and stabilize economy; establish U.S. credit; create National Bank; increase tariffs; excise tax on whiskey; assume state debts; supported by Federalists

What did Hamilton promise the South to support his financial plan?

The U.S. Capital would be moved to the South (Washington, D.C.)

Jefferson's views on the National Bank

Believed it was unconstitutional since the Constitution did not give the federal government power to create a bank

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 rebellion in Pennsylvania against excise tax on whiskey; Washington led army to stop it, showing the strength of the new Constitution compared to the Articles of Confederation

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned against European affairs, permanent alliances, political parties, and sectionalism

What was the purpose of Washington's Farewell Address?

To offer advice and guide the actions of future presidents

Theory of Nullification

States can nullify federal laws they believe are unconstitutional (Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions)

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Increased waiting period for citizenship from 5 to 14 years; allowed deportation of dangerous aliens; made it illegal to criticize the federal government

XYZ Affair (1797)

Conflict between France and U.S. during Adams’ presidency; French demanded bribe to negotiate; led to undeclared naval war with France in the Caribbean

Hartford Convention (1814)

Meeting of Federalists during War of 1812 to gain power; seen as unpatriotic; led to decline of Federalist Party

Effects of the War of 1812

Increased patriotism; weakened Native resistance; increased manufacturing; decreased Native power in Northwest Territory

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

After Battle of Fallen Timbers; 12 tribes gave Ohio Valley to U.S. in exchange for reservation and $10,000

Abigail Adams

John Adams’ wife; appealed to him to protect women’s rights

Judicial Review

Supreme Court’s right to determine if laws violate the Constitution

Salutary Neglect

British policy of not strictly enforcing laws in colonies in return for economic loyalty

Proclamation of 1763

Forbade colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains; settlers already there forced to move east