Oxidative phosphorylation + Anaerobic respiration

substrate level phosphorylation

An example of … is where a phosphate group is added to ADP and then you have the production of ATP (in glycolysis, and is pyruvate kinase)

inner membrane

The result of the electron transport chain is the accumulation of hydrogen ions or protons in the … space of the mitochondria

chemiosmosis

Then the high concentration of protons diffuses down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase and produces ATP 

glycolysis

Most ATP comes from chemiosmosis and some of it comes from the net 2 ATP produced in … 

Glycolysis, CAC and ETC

Cellular respiration is divided into 3 processes

TCA

Sometimes the CAC is called the … because it describes the 3 carboxyl groups that citric acid has

oxidative phosphorylation

The last phase of cellular respiration is … (includes the electron transport chain and chemical osmosis)

Pyruvate

… comes from glycolysis (one of the products)

converting 

We get pyruvate from glycolysis to the CAC by … it to another molecule

2

At the start, … pyruvate molecules are produced from glycolysis (per glucose molecule)

general

These then enter the mitochondria though a … carrier protein located on the outer membrane of the pyruvate 

specific

Once through they would then have to go through a … channel for pyruvate to reach the matrix of the mitochondria

pyruvate

Once it entered, something has to happen to the … before a piece of it can be a component for the CAC

Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate would be converted into .. through oxidation in the matrix before going into the CAC

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

This oxidation is caused by a complex of enzyme called the …

removes

This complex enzyme … a carboxyl groups from the pyruvate

NADH

Then NAD+ is reduced to …. (a transfer of an electron occurred)

coenzyme A

And then finally the acetylene group would then attach itself to … thus oxidation occurs and it transforms into Acetylene CoA

CO2

The carboxyl group that is removed becomes a byproduct known as …

oxaloacetate

In the first step of the CAC, once the Acetyl group is the Acetyl CoA is transferred to …, it has nothing to do with the reaction anymore

isomerization

Once citrate is formed, we have an … reaction which rearranges the groups within citrate into iso citrate 

5

NAD+ is then reduced (adding of electrons) into NADH and CO2 is released, making this 6 carbon compound to a …

decreases

Every time you have a release of CO2, the number of carbons in the intermediate …

oxalate acetate

NAD+ is then reduced into NADH and CO2 is released again, making this 5 carbon compound to a 4 until you get back to ….

NADPH

Within this, you also have the production of … which is important in cellular respiration 

oxidation

As NAD+ is reduced, you have the … of iso citrate which releases 2 CO2

cell type

1 molecule of GRP or ATP is also produced whichever is dependent on the …

liver

GTP: … (where you have a lot of protein synthesis and anabolic processes)

heart and muscle

ATP

enzyme

GTP and ATP can be converted back and forth through an …

cell signaling

GTP is also very important in … (in cells that are signaling)

ETC

FADH2 is important for the …

oxaloacetate

The final product of the citric acid cycle is … which then can be used in the next phase (ETC) or the next cycle

presence

The CAC runs continuously in the … of enough oxaloacetate and Acetyl CoA

TCA

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, Citric Acid has three carboxyl groups

mitochondria

In eukaryotic cells, if oxygen is present, the 2 pyruvate molecules enter the …

pyruvate-specific

Pyruvate goes through the two membranes of the mitochondria: the first through a non-specific channel, then a … channel to reach the matrix

matrix

In the …., Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA before entering the Citric Acid Cycle

CO2

While pyruvate is being converted, … is released

oxidized

Pyruvate is …. through pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

transferring

While pyruvate is being converted, the … of an electron to NADH (NAD+ is reduced)

CoA

Acetyl group from former pyruvate molecule is attached to … in the oxidation of pyruvate

2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, and 2 coenzyme A

What are the inputs of oxidation of pyruvate?

2 CO 2 , 2 NADH, 2 acetyl CoA

What are the outputs of oxidation of pyruvate?

CAC

The acetyl group from acetyl CoA is transferred to oxaloacetate to form citrate. This is the first step of the …

3 NADH & 1 FADH2

In the CAC, citrate is oxidized which makes …

2 CO2

In the CAC, … is released

1 GTP or ATP

In the CAC, … is produced

1 GTP or ATP produced, 2 CO2, and 3 NADH and 1 FADH2

In one cycle of the CAC, it produces …

oxaloacetate

The final product of the citric acid cycle is …

acetyl CoA

The CAC runs continuously in the presence of sufficient … and oxaloacetate

The overall balanced equation of the oxidative phosphorylation

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ~36 ATP

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 0 (if ATP) or 2 GTP, 4 CO2

What are the outputs of the CAC?

2 NADH and 2 CO2

What are the outputs of the Oxidation of pyruvate?

2 ATP and 2 NADH

What are the outputs of the glycolysis?

oxidative phosphorylation

Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration occurs in the last pathway, …

O2

Oxidative phosphorylation is only pathway where … is an input

ETC

The oxidative phosphorylation consists of an … and chemiosmosis, which generates ATP

chemiosmosis

A H+ concentration gradient created by the ETC provides the energy to power …

ETC

The … is a series of electron transporters made of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

electrons

They shuttle … from NADH and FADH2 to O2

intermembrane space

In the ETC process, protons (H+ ) are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the …, and O2 is reduced to form H2O

electronegative

Each complex of the ETC is more … than the previous

complex 1

electrons from NADH are transferred to …. of ETC

protein

Complex 1 includes includes NADH dehydrogenase, a B-vitamin derived molecule, & an Fe-S containing …

complex 2

electrons from FADH2 enter the ETC at …

Ubiquinone

… (Q) carries e- from complexes I and II to complex III

Complex 3

… is called cytochrome oxidoreductase.

cytochrome C

Complex 3 includes transmembrane cytochrome B and peripheral protein …

complex 4

Cytochrome C carries each electrons to …

electron acceptor

Oxygen is reduced at complex IV, it is the final …

kinetic energy

Chemiosmosis uses … from protons falling down its gradient to form ATP from ADP + Pi. The complex, integral protein ATP synthase mediates this reaction

NADH from glycolysis

The number of ATP generated by cellular respiration is 30- 36 per glucose, it varies by species and how efficiently … enters mitochondria 

glucose

Cellular respiration in total stores ~ 34% of the energy from … in ATP

ETC and the ATP synthase (chemiosmosis)

The 2 major components of oxidative phosphorylation is the …

proton/hydrogen ion gradient

The link between the ETC and the chemiosmosis is the … that is created by the ETC

inner membrane space

As a result of the ETC, you have a concentration of protons or hydrogen ions in the … of the mitochondria 

ATP

When you have this concentration (high to low) the protons/hydrogen ions can diffuse down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase and produce …: this is how the ETC and chemiosmosis can assist/produce ATP

electrons

NADPH and FADH2 act as molecules that can transfer …

complexes

NADH and FADH2 contributes to different … 

complex 2

FADH2 contributes a bit later in the process (in …, NADH is in complex 1)

transfer

The whole point of the ETC is to … electrons that are being supplied through these systems all the way to oxygen

hydrogen ions

As the electrons are transferred from one complex to the next, you have movement of … across the inner mitochondrial membrane

protons

The movement of electrons powers the movement of … to the other side of the membrane to the inner membrane space

acidic

When you have a high concentration of protons or hydrogen ions, the solution becomes more …

oxygen

The electrons were donated through the ETC (through each of the complexes collectively), they build up and as a result, … is reduced

water

When oxygen is split in this manner, it attache’s hydrogen ions and form … 

water

One of the products of cellular respiration is …

attract

In the ETC, each complex is more electronegative than the last meaning that they have the tendency to … electrons

donates

The very first step of the electron transport chain is that NADPH … 2 electrons at complex 1

metal ions

When you have … associated with the protein complexes, it helps the movement of electrons because they can also go through reduction and oxidation

2

The second step of the electron transport chain is that FADH2 donates … electrons at complex 2 (FADH2 is oxidized and gives up its electrons)

range

The availability of NADH and FADH2 is not always guaranteed, perfect conditions or amounts. This is why there is a … of ATP that can be produced in cellular respiration 

Ubiquinone

… is a protein that can go through the membrane (has hydrophobic components that allows it to shuttle through the complexes

complex 3

Ubiquinone also allows the transfer of electrons to …

one

Ubiquinone can transfer a part of electrons at the same time whereas cytochrome c shuttles … at a time

difference

There is a slight … in the number of electrons that each electron carrier can carry

oxygen

From complex 4, the electrons are transferred to … which undergoes the reduction reaction which makes it a water molecule 

motor

ATP synthase acts like a … and turns like one in the cell environment 

inner membrane space

There is a high concentration of protons in the …. They can diffuse down their concentration gradient and power ATP synthase (ADP binds with an inorganic phosphate and synthesizes ATP): where most of the ATP are synthesized (Chemiosmosis)