Embryology final

0.0(0)
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Get a hint
Hint

Where is the genetic information (DNA) for the cell housed?

Get a hint
Hint

Nucleus

Get a hint
Hint

Name the organelle that is responsible for producing intracellular energy

Get a hint
Hint

Mitochondria

ATP powerhouse of the cell

Card Sorting

1/138

Anonymous user
Anonymous user
encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

139 Terms

1
New cards

Where is the genetic information (DNA) for the cell housed?

Nucleus

2
New cards

Name the organelle that is responsible for producing intracellular energy

Mitochondria

ATP powerhouse of the cell

3
New cards

What phase of the cell cycle represents the initial resting stage

G1

Reduplication or resting phase

4
New cards

What is mitosis

The duplication of somatic cells

Chromosomes each has 46

5
New cards

What is meiosis

The duplication of sex cells

Chromosomes split in half

23 from mom and 23 from dad

6
New cards

What apoptosis

Programmed cell death and fragmentation

7
New cards

what is the purpose of the endometrium of the uterus

Provides the ideal environment for implantation and growth of the embryo

8
New cards

Name the periods of prenatal development

Proliferative period 0-2

Embryonic period 2-8 most sensitive

Fetal period 8weeks-9months

9
New cards

Name the two layers of skin

Epidermis develops from Ectodermal cells

Dermis develops from underlying mesoderm

10
New cards

The three dilations that form the primary brain vesicles are

Fore brain

Midbrain

Hindbrain

11
New cards

Identify the three types of connective tissue

Dense

Loose

Loose with special properties

12
New cards

What is the job for the tendon

Connects muscles to bone

13
New cards

Name the elements that compose the blood

RBC erythrocytes

WBC leukocytes

Platelets which are suspended in plasma

14
New cards

Leukocytes migrate between endothelial cells by a process known as

Diapedesis

15
New cards

name the most numerous WBC’s

Neutrophils

PMN’s

16
New cards

The lymphatic system is composed of

Lymph nodes

Thymus

Spleen

17
New cards

The initial skeletal component in the embryo is

Cartilage

18
New cards

Name the three types of cartilage

Fibrous(vertebral discs)

Elastic (external ear)

Hyaline(glasslike)

19
New cards

the process by which bone replaces cartilage is called

Endochondral bone formation

20
New cards

As long as bones are still growing this line (plate) appears

Epiphyseal line (plate)

Known as growth plate

21
New cards

Flat bones go through a direct transformation of connective tissue to bone in process known as

Intramembranous bone formation

22
New cards

name the source of nutrition of an embryo for the first few weeks of life

VITELLINE vascular system

23
New cards

Name the week that the heart begins to beat

4th week

24
New cards

Three types of muscle tissue

SKeletal*Voluntary striated

Smooth*involuntary, smooth

Cardiac *involuntary, striated with intercalated discs

25
New cards

Name the system that becomes active in transporting oxygen and nutrition around the 4th week of life:

Umbilical system

26
New cards

What period is a developing human leastsusceptible to teratogens:

•What period is it the most susceptible:

Least susceptible- proliferative period

Most susceptible- embryonic period

27
New cards

What cells do not undergo cell division

Neurons, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cells do not routinely undergo cell diviison

28
New cards

four primary tissue types

Neural tissue

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Never ever call me

29
New cards

Neural tissue is divided into two types

CNS -brain and spinal cord

PNS- Nerves and their ganglia

30
New cards

What is the basic structural unit of the nervous system

Neuron - Axons conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body

\
Dendrites receive/ conduct impulses to the cell body

31
New cards

How is epithelium described

Simple: single layer

Pseudostratified- all cells contact with he basal lamina, but not the surface

Stratified; several layers and only the basal cell layer is in contact with the basal lamina

32
New cards

Impulses pass from the CNS to involuntary muscles by which system

Autonomic nervous system

33
New cards

all sensations in the body are relayed to what system

CNS

34
New cards

Axons that exist outside the CNS are protected and insulated by

Myelin sheath

35
New cards

Which body system relies on neural stimuli to function

Endocrine system

36
New cards

What do ligaments do

Attach bones directly bone to bone

37
New cards

Name the classifications of bone

Compact (dense)

Cancellous (spongy; trabecular)

38
New cards

what are the functions of blood

Conducts oxygen to the cells

•Clots blood to prevent blood loss

•Regulates pH through a buffering system

•Regulates body temperature and provides protection from bacteria

 

39
New cards

The purpose of platelets

Clot formation

40
New cards

The largest organ in the body

skin

Integumentary system

41
New cards

Absorption of most of our nutrients occurs

In the small intestine

42
New cards

Nerve processes carrying information from the peripheral nervous system in muscles and glands to the CNS are known as:

Afferent (sensory) system

–Responses from the CNS to muscles and glands are known as Efferent (motor) system

43
New cards

What does the somatic nervous systme do

carries impulses to the voluntary or skeletal muscles (under conscious control(

44
New cards

what does the autonomic nervous system do

CARRIES impulses from the CNS to involuntary muscles (autopilot)

45
New cards

The purpose of the skeletal system

Framework to support muscles and ligaments

•Protection

•Hematopoietic system

46
New cards

`What type of bone protects the brain?

Membrane bone

47
New cards

The major function of the urinary system is

To control blood volume and pressure and composition of the urine

48
New cards

What are the special senses:

Vision

•Hearing

•Equilibrium

•Smell 

•Taste

49
New cards

What forms from the 1st (mandibular) Pharyngeal Arch?

Bony mandible

Muscles of mastication

Nerves

Blood supply

Cheeks

50
New cards

What develops from the 2nd hyoid arch

Facial muscles (smile)

Hyoid bone

Vessels

51
New cards

When does the face develop

4th to 7th week

52
New cards

What does the ectoderm (outer covering of the pharyngeal arches as well as the inner lining of 1st arch) become?

Epithelial lining of the oral cavity

53
New cards

What will the endoderm (lining of the remaining pharyngeal arches) become?

The lining of the GI tract

54
New cards

What does the 1st pharyngeal groove become?

External auditory canal - EAR

55
New cards

What does the 2nd pharyngeal pouch become

Palatine tonsils

56
New cards

What do the remaining pharyngeal pouches become

3rd pouch- inferior parathyroids and thymus

4th pouch- superior parathyroids

5th pouch- ultimobranchial body(gives rise to cells of the thyroid which produce calcitonin

57
New cards

Define Ankyloses

A fusion of tooth roots ( a fusion of mineralized tissues with out an intervening PDL; usually due to trauma

58
New cards

What is leeway space

The size difference between a primary molar and a permanent molar

59
New cards

What tissue does not support the dentition

Tooth enamel

Cementum, alveolar bone and the PDL support dentition

60
New cards

What occurs when the teeth have reached the functional phase

Occlusal contact of opposing arches as well as occlusal wear

61
New cards

Visible ridges often observed on the cervical third of premolar teeth are referred to as

Perikymata

May be mistaken by RDH as calculus

62
New cards

How thick is enamel at the occlusal or incisal surface

2.5mm

63
New cards

Obliterated tubules that are found in areas of attrition, abrasion, fracture or caries would be a sign of what type of dentin formation?

Sclerotic dentin

64
New cards

where the glandular layer of tome’s located

1st layer of dentin on the root

Just beside the cementum

65
New cards

Extensions of the odontoblast that can extend into the enamel are called

SPINDLES

66
New cards

What year was commercial floss invented

1882

67
New cards

What tooth substance is more elastic than enamel

Dentin

68
New cards

What is the organic component of dentin

Collagen

69
New cards

The cell-free region in dentin is known as what zone

Zone of Weil

70
New cards

The apical foramen is slightly larger in which teeth

Maxillary

71
New cards

An avoid calcification seen in the PDL would be called what

cementicle

72
New cards

Why is cementum insensitive to pain

Cementum has no nerve or blood vessel innervation

73
New cards

How wide is the PDL

0.15-0.38

74
New cards

What is the primary function of the PDL

Supporting the tooth

75
New cards

A mass of cells located in the remnants of the root sheath are called:

Epithelial rests

Rests of malassez

76
New cards

Maintenance of alveolar bone and cementum is reliant on what

Tooth function

Bone will resorb when teeth are no longer in function

77
New cards

In what region does the alveolar crest appear pointed?

•Flat?

Anterior region- pointed

Posterior region-flat

78
New cards

What can cause the PDL to become hylanized

Traumatic repetitive compression

79
New cards

What movement does the lateral muscle provide for the mandible

Protrudes the mandible

Pulls the articulation disk forward

80
New cards

A mature mandibular condyle exhibits what shape

Oval

81
New cards

What membrane provides protection and nutrition to the TMJ

Synovial membrane

82
New cards

where would lining mucosa be found in the oral cavity

Floor of the mouth

Ventral side of the tongue

Buccal mucosa

83
New cards

Where would mastication mucosa be located in the oral cavity

Hard palate

Alveolar ridges

84
New cards

Name the two layers of the lamina propria

Papillary layer

Reticular layer

85
New cards

A thin, non-keratinized area of epithelium located IP between the buccal gingiva and lingual gingiva of each tooth is known as the:

Col

86
New cards

Name the cells associated with inflammation

Leukocytes

Lymphocytes

Mast cells

87
New cards

Which of the tonsils are large in children and have deep crypts?

Palatine tonsils

88
New cards

Which of the salivary secretions is higher in carbohydrate content

Serous or mucous

Mucous

89
New cards

What cells are produced in the germinal centers of the tonsils?

Lymphocytes

90
New cards

Name the functional unit of the salivary gland

Alveolus (acinus)

91
New cards

what type of calculus is often dark in color and tenacious

Subgingival calculus

92
New cards

What are characteristics of subgingival plaque

Anaerobic

Gram-negative

Spirochetes rods filamentous organisms

93
New cards

Where is calculus most often found intraorally

The opening of salivary ducts

Maxillary molars

#3, #14 mandibular anteriors

94
New cards

What cell forms the primary cuticle

Ameloblasts

95
New cards

When the enamel crystals of the tooth breakdown how might this appear clinically?

White or brown spot on totoh

96
New cards

Name the 2 movements of the TMJ

Hinge and gliding

Ginglymoarthroidal joint

97
New cards

List the 3 tonsils that compose Waldyer’s ring

Palatine

Lingual

Pharyngeal adenoid

98
New cards

What is the function of Sharpey’s fibers

Attach the tooth to the alveolar bone; they penetrate both cementum and alveolar bone through the PDL

99
New cards

2 functions of the PDL

Supportive

Nutritive

Sensory

Maintenance

100
New cards

What percentage of Americans have at least one cavity by the age of 17 years old?

78%