Embryology final

Where is the genetic information (DNA) for the cell housed?

Nucleus

Name the organelle that is responsible for producing intracellular energy

Mitochondria

ATP powerhouse of the cell

What phase of the cell cycle represents the initial resting stage

G1

Reduplication or resting phase

What is mitosis

The duplication of somatic cells

Chromosomes each has 46

What is meiosis

The duplication of sex cells

Chromosomes split in half

23 from mom and 23 from dad

What apoptosis

Programmed cell death and fragmentation

what is the purpose of the endometrium of the uterus

Provides the ideal environment for implantation and growth of the embryo

Name the periods of prenatal development

Proliferative period 0-2

Embryonic period 2-8 most sensitive

Fetal period 8weeks-9months

Name the two layers of skin

Epidermis develops from Ectodermal cells

Dermis develops from underlying mesoderm

The three dilations that form the primary brain vesicles are

Fore brain

Midbrain

Hindbrain

Identify the three types of connective tissue

Dense

Loose

Loose with special properties

What is the job for the tendon

Connects muscles to bone

Name the elements that compose the blood

RBC erythrocytes

WBC leukocytes

Platelets which are suspended in plasma

Leukocytes migrate between endothelial cells by a process known as

Diapedesis

name the most numerous WBC’s

Neutrophils

PMN’s

The lymphatic system is composed of

Lymph nodes

Thymus

Spleen

The initial skeletal component in the embryo is

Cartilage

Name the three types of cartilage

Fibrous(vertebral discs)

Elastic (external ear)

Hyaline(glasslike)

the process by which bone replaces cartilage is called

Endochondral bone formation

As long as bones are still growing this line (plate) appears

Epiphyseal line (plate)

Known as growth plate

Flat bones go through a direct transformation of connective tissue to bone in process known as

Intramembranous bone formation

name the source of nutrition of an embryo for the first few weeks of life

VITELLINE vascular system

Name the week that the heart begins to beat

4th week

Three types of muscle tissue

SKeletal\*Voluntary striated

Smooth\*involuntary, smooth

Cardiac \*involuntary, striated with intercalated discs

Name the system that becomes active in transporting oxygen and nutrition around the 4th week of life:

Umbilical system

What period is a developing human __least__susceptible to teratogens:

•What period is it the __most__ susceptible:

Least susceptible- proliferative period

Most susceptible- embryonic period

What cells do not undergo cell division

Neurons, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cells do not routinely undergo cell diviison

four primary tissue types

Neural tissue

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Never ever call me

Neural tissue is divided into two types

CNS -brain and spinal cord

PNS- Nerves and their ganglia

What is the basic structural unit of the nervous system

Neuron - Axons conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body

\
Dendrites receive/ conduct impulses to the cell body

How is epithelium described

Simple: single layer

Pseudostratified- all cells contact with he basal lamina, but not the surface

Stratified; several layers and only the basal cell layer is in contact with the basal lamina

Impulses pass from the CNS to involuntary muscles by which system

Autonomic nervous system

all sensations in the body are relayed to what system

CNS

Axons that exist outside the CNS are protected and insulated by

Myelin sheath

Which body system relies on neural stimuli to function

Endocrine system

What do ligaments do

Attach bones directly bone to bone

Name the classifications of bone

Compact (dense)

Cancellous (spongy; trabecular)

what are the functions of blood

Conducts oxygen to the cells

•Clots blood to prevent blood loss

•Regulates pH through a buffering system

•Regulates body temperature and provides protection from bacteria

 

The purpose of platelets

Clot formation

The largest organ in the body

skin

Integumentary system

Absorption of most of our nutrients occurs

In the small intestine

Nerve processes carrying information from the peripheral nervous system in muscles and glands to the CNS are known as:

Afferent (sensory) system

–Responses from the CNS to muscles and glands are known as Efferent (motor) system

What does the somatic nervous systme do

carries impulses to the voluntary or skeletal muscles (under conscious control(

what does the autonomic nervous system do

CARRIES impulses from the CNS to involuntary muscles (autopilot)

The purpose of the skeletal system

Framework to support muscles and ligaments

•Protection

•Hematopoietic system

\`What type of bone protects the brain?

Membrane bone

The major function of the urinary system is

To control blood volume and pressure and composition of the urine

What are the special senses:

Vision

•Hearing

•Equilibrium

•Smell 

•Taste

What forms from the 1st (mandibular) Pharyngeal Arch?

Bony mandible

Muscles of mastication

Nerves

Blood supply

Cheeks

What develops from the 2nd hyoid arch

Facial muscles (smile)

Hyoid bone

Vessels

When does the face develop

4th to 7th week

What does the ectoderm (outer covering of the pharyngeal arches as well as the inner lining of 1st arch) become?

Epithelial lining of the oral cavity

What will the endoderm (lining of the remaining pharyngeal arches) become?

The lining of the GI tract

What does the 1st pharyngeal groove become?

External auditory canal - EAR

What does the 2nd pharyngeal pouch become

Palatine tonsils

What do the remaining pharyngeal pouches become

3rd pouch- inferior parathyroids and thymus

4th pouch- superior parathyroids

5th pouch- ultimobranchial body(gives rise to cells of the thyroid which produce calcitonin

Define Ankyloses

A fusion of tooth roots ( a fusion of mineralized tissues with out an intervening PDL; usually due to trauma

What is leeway space

The size difference between a primary molar and a permanent molar

What tissue does not support the dentition

Tooth enamel

Cementum, alveolar bone and the PDL support dentition

What occurs when the teeth have reached the functional phase

Occlusal contact of opposing arches as well as occlusal wear

Visible ridges often observed on the cervical third of premolar teeth are referred to as

Perikymata

May be mistaken by RDH as calculus

How thick is enamel at the occlusal or incisal surface

2\.5mm

Obliterated tubules that are found in areas of attrition, abrasion, fracture or caries would be a sign of what type of dentin formation?

Sclerotic dentin

where the glandular layer of tome’s located

1st layer of dentin on the root

Just beside the cementum

Extensions of the odontoblast that can extend into the enamel are called

SPINDLES

What year was commercial floss invented

1882

What tooth substance is more elastic than enamel

Dentin

What is the organic component of dentin

Collagen

The cell-free region in dentin is known as what zone

Zone of Weil

The apical foramen is slightly larger in which teeth

Maxillary

An avoid calcification seen in the PDL would be called what

cementicle

Why is cementum insensitive to pain

Cementum has no nerve or blood vessel innervation

How wide is the PDL

0\.15-0.38

What is the primary function of the PDL

Supporting the tooth

A mass of cells located in the remnants of the root sheath are called:

Epithelial rests

Rests of malassez

Maintenance of alveolar bone and cementum is reliant on what

Tooth function

Bone will resorb when teeth are no longer in function

In what region does the alveolar crest appear pointed?

•Flat?

Anterior region- pointed

Posterior region-flat

What can cause the PDL to become hylanized

Traumatic repetitive compression

What movement does the lateral muscle provide for the mandible

Protrudes the mandible

Pulls the articulation disk forward

A mature mandibular condyle exhibits what shape

Oval

What membrane provides protection and nutrition to the TMJ

Synovial membrane

where would lining mucosa be found in the oral cavity

Floor of the mouth

Ventral side of the tongue

Buccal mucosa

Where would mastication mucosa be located in the oral cavity

Hard palate

Alveolar ridges

Name the two layers of the lamina propria

Papillary layer

Reticular layer

A thin, non-keratinized area of epithelium located IP between the buccal gingiva and lingual gingiva of each tooth is known as the:

Col

Name the cells associated with inflammation

Leukocytes

Lymphocytes

Mast cells

Which of the tonsils are large in children and have deep crypts?

Palatine tonsils

Which of the salivary secretions is higher in carbohydrate content

Serous or mucous

Mucous

What cells are produced in the germinal centers of the tonsils?

Lymphocytes

Name the functional unit of the salivary gland

Alveolus (acinus)

what type of calculus is often dark in color and tenacious

Subgingival calculus

What are characteristics of subgingival plaque

Anaerobic

Gram-negative

Spirochetes rods filamentous organisms

Where is calculus most often found intraorally

The opening of salivary ducts

Maxillary molars

\#3, #14 mandibular anteriors

What cell forms the primary cuticle

Ameloblasts

When the enamel crystals of the tooth breakdown how might this appear clinically?

White or brown spot on totoh

Name the 2 movements of the TMJ

Hinge and gliding

Ginglymoarthroidal joint

List the 3 tonsils that compose Waldyer’s ring

Palatine

Lingual

Pharyngeal adenoid

What is the function of Sharpey’s fibers

Attach the tooth to the alveolar bone; they penetrate both cementum and alveolar bone through the PDL

2 functions of the PDL

Supportive

Nutritive

Sensory

Maintenance

What percentage of Americans have at least one cavity by the age of 17 years old?

78%